Purpose: To find out overall, age and gender specific prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and its correlates in urban population. Methods: Present study was cross-sectional survey, by door-to-door visit, using multi-stage random sampling technique from Hisar urban geographical area. Pre-designed, validated self-reported questionnaire was used to record 14 variables, one variable was calculated and 4 variables were measured. Primary variable of interest was pain in low back area in the last 12 months. Data was analyzed using IBM-SPSS (21.0 version). Chi-square test was used to see the association between LBP and categories. If there was a significance, univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was used to identify the correlates. Results: Data of 1540 subjects (response rate 72.2%; females 54.2%) aged 30 years or more from five localities out of six were used. Overall one-year prevalence of LBP was 19%. Female sex (OR 1.60), low education (1.95) and low fasting blood glucose (1.34) were identified as correlates of LBP. Abdominal obesity, not using ghee, low income, low social class, smoking, long sitting and sleeping time increased the prevalence of LBP. Conclusion: Increasing the physical activity/exercise and reducing sedentary behaviors may reduce the prevalence of LBP in this population.

Introduction. To compare the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tdCS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) when used in combination or in isolation on pain, function, and quality of life in primary knee osteoarthritis. Methods. A 4-arm parallel group, participant-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial was performed. Patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis as per the American College of Rheumatology criteria were eligible. The lottery method was used for randomization and blocked randomization served to ensure an equal number of patients in each group. The participants were allocated to 4 groups and received tdCS and TENS either in combination or in isolation. Pain, function, and quality of life were measured with a visual analogue scale, 6-minute walk test, and Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome Score, respectively. The subjects were blinded to group allocation. The outcome measures were evaluated at baseline and day 5, 8, and 20 after the intervention. data were analysed with the SPSS (version 21.0) software. Results. on implementing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 72 participants were enrolled in this trial; 69 of them completed the protocol. There was a significant reduction in pain in all the 3 experimental groups as compared with the control group. The maximum reduction in pain was seen in the group receiving active tdCS and active TENS at week 6. Conclusions. The combination of tdCS and TENS along with strengthening exercises is effective in reducing pain in knee osteoarthritis.

which leads to RSP are characterized as protraction, downward rotation, and anterior tipping of scapula and this may increase upper thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis. These factors are the major predisposing 7 factors which leads to upper quadrant pain too. Photographic posture analysis is a basic observational 8 method to detect the FHP with reliability of >0.972. Interferential therapy (IFT) is an established therapy which is used to treat pain. This is also effective for 9 providing relaxation of muscles and reducing pain. Addition of resistance exercises are used to strengthen the muscles using dumbbells, weight cuffs and resistance bands. These helps improve strength, 10 flexibility, and also balance. With elastic band a postural program and a combination of strengthening ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effect of the Interferential therapy (IFT) with elastic band exercises to improve round shoulder posture (RSP) and forward head posture (FHP) in university female students. Methods: A randomized trial was conducted at a state university in Haryana, India from July-October 2021. Females having FHP and RSP were included in the study. Subjects were divided into two groups. Group A performed elastic band exercises for 10 repetitions each twice weekly for four weeks along with IFT application for 10 minutes. While group B performed only elastic band exercises. Various Round Shoulder measurements, Craniovertebral angle (CVA) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were assessed.2 Results: Of 30 females, the mean age, weight, and BMI was 19.56±3.14 years, 50.83±9.13 Kg and 19.6±3.23 Kg/m respectively.The distance between 3rd thoracic vertebra (T3) and acromion was significantly improved in group A as compared to group B, i.e., 2.80 ±0.86 vs. -1.47 ±1.98 (p-value 0.020), respectively. However, an insignificant association of group A and B was found with distance from couch to acromion (p-value 0.590), distance from rd thoracic 3 level to inferior angle of scapula (p-value 0.630), CVA (p-value 0.130), and NDI (p-value 0.550). Conclusion: Four weeks of intervention have significantly improved the distance between the T3 and the acromion process parameters for both round shoulder and FHP in both groups. However, other parameters were not statistically improved but clinical improved in patients who received elastic band exercises combined with IFT.

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