Most accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of the ankle and the foot remain asymptomatic; however, they have increasingly been examined in the radiology literature, because they can cause painful syndromes or degenerative changes in response to overuse and trauma. Our aim was to document a detailed investigation on the accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of Turkish subjects in both the feet according to the sex, frequency and division of the bones, coexistence and bilaterality by radiography. A double-centered study was performed retrospectively to determine the incidence of the accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones in the ankle and foot. Accessory ossicles (21.2%) and sesamoid bones (9.6%) were detected by Radiographs of 984 subjects. The most common accessory ossicles were accessory navicular (11.7%), os peroneum (4.7%), os trigonum (2.3%), os supranaviculare (1.6%), os vesalianum (0.4%), os supratalare (0.2%), os intermetatarseum (0.2%). We observed bipartite hallux sesamoid in 2.7% of radiographs. Interphalangeal sesamoid bone of the hallux was seen in 2% of radiographs. Incidences of metatarsophalangeal sesamoid bones were found as 0.4% in the second digit, 0.2% third digit, 0.1% fourth digit and 4.3% fifth digit. We also identified the coexistencies of two different accessory ossicles as 6%, accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones as 7%, and bipartite sesamoid bones and sesamoid bones as 1.9%. Distribution of the most common accessory ossicles in male and female subjects was similar. We reported the incidence of accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of the feet in Turkish adult population.

In this study, the coronal and sagittal heights of the pituitary glands were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique in 201 individuals. There was no sellar or parasellar region pathology in the study group. The data were evaluated according to age and sex groups. In all cases the coronal and sagittal heights of the pituitary glands were equal. The mean values of the coronal and sagittal heights in females (6.1 +/- 0.1 mm, 6.1 +/- 0.1 mm respectively) were higher than in males (5.7 +/- 0.2 mm, 5.6 +/- 0.2 mm respectively). The highest values for the coronal and sagittal heights were in the 11-20 years age group in both sexes. A gradual increase in the coronal and sagittal heights of the pituitary glands in the 0-10, 11-20 age groups was present in both sexes. Decrease in the heights of the pituitary glands was noted after 20 years of age onwards. Nevertheless there was a conspicuous increase in the mean value of the pituitary glands' heights in the 51-60 years age group in males. In females, a minimal increase in the mean value of the pituitary glands' heights was observed in the 61 years and over age group.

The purpose of the present study is to reduce the postoperative morbidity related to facial paralysis during parotid surgery and to layout the different characteristics related to intraparotideal distribution and anastomoses of the facial nerve in our community. We also report new variations in the facial nerve branchings that have not been previously published. In this paper, facial nerves from 48 cadavers and 2 patients of which 45(90%) were males and 5(10%) were females; 26(52%) being right and 24(48%) being left facial nerves were put forward. Their photographs were taken and the diagrams of intraparotideal distributions of each facial nerve were drawn. The intraparotideal configuration of the facial nerve was evaluated in 5 types. Twenty-four% of the facial nerves had no anastomoses (Type I); 12% had a ring-like shape anastomosis between the buccal and the zygomatic branches (Type II); 14% anastomoses were between the buccal and the other branches in a ring-like shape (Type III); 38% of the facial nerves had multiple complex anastomoses and were named as multiple loops (Type IV); 12% had two main trunks (Type V). Of the bilateral cadaver dissections, the facial nerve distribution in 9(47.3%) were bilaterally the same and in 10(52.7%) main trunks were different. A facial nerve trifurcation composed of two main trunks were also established. There were no statistical differences between branching of the facial nerves in the right and left side of the faces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The anomalous first parts of the left and right subclavian aa. had no inferior thyroid aa. in the neck region. The thyroidea ima a. was found to arise from the brachiocephalic trunk, and bifurcated into two branches almost immediately after its origin. These branches ascended in front of the trachea and entered the bases of the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland. The left vertebral a. arose from the aortic arch in the superior mediastinum. The possible existence of this anomaly is important for parathyroid localization studies, in neck surgery and especially in tracheostomy.

In order to help avoid complications of parotid surgery, we investigated the relationship between the facial nerve and the retromandibular vein. Fifty dissections were performed on 30 cadavers. In 45 (90%) of the cases the retromandibular vein was located on the medial side of the upper and lower trunks of the facial nerve, and in 5 (10%), the course of the retromandibular vein was lateral to the lower trunks and medial to the upper trunks. These variations were divided into subgroups. The most commonly encountered variation was that the retromandibular vein crossed the facial nerve from the medial (34 cases) or lateral side (3 cases) at a point between the bifurcation and ramification points of the lower facial trunk. In one case, the retromandibular vein was detected on the lateral side of the facial nerve at the bifurcation. In 3 cases (15%), the course of the retromandibular vein was different on the right and left sides of the face in the same cadaver.