From the ancient times, language has been using as an ingenious device for transmission of ideology and for manipulation of the audience minds by those who have been in power. As Kress in Van Dijk (1985: 29) states, "Ideologies find their clearest articulation in language. Hence, a powerful way of examining ideological structure is through the examination of language". Adopting Critical Discourse Analysis with particular emphasis on the framework of Fairclough (1989) and utilizing the notions of SFL by Holliday (1985), the present investigation is an attempt to shed light on the relationship between language and ideology involved in translation in general, and more specifically, to uncover the underlying ideological assumptions invisible in the texts, both source text (
Translators use different strategies and approaches in the process of translation. One of these approaches is shift in translation. This study intends to find the realization of Catford's shifts in the Persiantranslation of Charles Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities" by Ebrahim Younesi. The aim of this study is to find which types of shifts the translator uses, to compare the SL and the TL versions, and to investigate how faithful the translator is to the original text. Furthermore, it intends to find the problems translators face during the translation process. This paper analyses different kinds of category shifts which Catford divides into four subgroups: structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts and intra-system shifts in translation. To this end, forty sentences ofthe first six chapters of the novel were selected randomly and compared with their corresponding parts in the Persian translation. This study shows that among forty sentences that include forty-three shifts, unit shift is the most frequent type of shift. 37.5% of shifts are unit shifts, 30% class shifts, 12.5% structure shifts and 27.5% intra system shifts. It also shows that shifts are inevitable in some places in the translation process and this is because ofdifferent natures of languages and variations that exist among them, so the translator is forced to deviate from the source text.
Translation management is a modern approach toward translation industry in order to improve performance, quality and to reduce the use of resources such as human resources, cost and time. In this study, the main goal is to identify the standard cost management procedures and to apply cost management knowledge to translation studies. The study is based on Project Management Institute (PMI) standards which consist of 9 different management knowledge areas such as time, cost, procurement, quality, human resources, integration, communication, and risk management. The findings are expected to shed some light on cost management and its related issues in translation studies.
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