Summary Smart grid has been developing nowadays as an initiative to operate modern electric distribution systems (EDSs) in a more reliable and efficient manner. With the decreasing price of the energy storage systems (ESSs), ESSs are highly recommended to be exploited in the operation of EDSs. In this manuscript, a comprehensive framework is introduced for ESS incorporation in service restoration process which proposes 2 roles for ESSs in the service restoration. As the first role, ESSs are exploited in the service restoration to re‐energize customers in interrupted zones, as their backup units. As the second role, ESSs are used in the service restoration to increase the number of interrupted customers which transferred to the backup feeders through acting as storage units. The proposed objective function of service restoration consists of customer interruption cost, energy not sold cost, cost of electricity production in combined heat and power units, and cost of ESS incorporation in service restoration. Moreover, the stochastic characteristics of ESS contribution in service restoration are considered in the proposed problem formulation. Further, the impacts of the uncertainties of the service restoration on the proposed approach for ESS incorporation are investigated. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is deliberated using a standard reliability test system (RBTS‐4). The obtained results show that the incorporating ESSs as storage units will lead to substantially improve the reliability level of EDS through increasing the adequacy of the EDS during service restoration process.
Summary Community microgrids (CMGs) have been developing nowadays as an initiative to operate modern electric distribution systems in a more economical, reliable, and environmentally friendly manner than the existing centralized electricity grid which benefited both distribution system operator and consumers. In this paper, the optimal energy management of CMGs is formulated considering distributed energy resources and thermal and electrical demands in CMGs. The objective function of the proposed methodology consists of the total cost of CMGs operation, the total cost of energy not supplied in CMGs, and total cost of emission produced in CMGs in order to comprehensively manage the CMG operation. Moreover, the uncertainty of renewable energy resources, electricity price, and demanded power of CMGs are considered in the proposed methodology. In addition, two risk evaluation measures are employed to cope with existing risks in the CMG operation. Furthermore, a number of sensitivity studies are accomplished to investigate the effects of important parameters on the performance of the proposed approach. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is examined on a test system.
Vortex formation due to power generation at hydropower dams could cause serious problems, and eliminating or reduction in its strength is one of the dam designer and manager duties. Therefore, the design and use of anti-vortex structures is usual. Design of an anti-vortex structure for each project is unique and it is therefore necessary to have knowledge about the performance of each one. In the present study, to evaluate the performance of various anti-vortex structures, physical model of power intakes were constructed and used. Intakes were projected in the reservoir and are current in many dam projects. For each anti-vortex, a comprehensive study was performed to determine better Alternative in view of dissipating vortices. Experiments were conducted by recording class of vortices in different water elevations and with the current range of discharge for 13 anti-vortex Alternatives. Experiments showed that the horizontal plate had better performance in eliminating vortices.
Summary Microgrids have been developing nowadays as an initiative to operate modern electric distribution systems in a more economic and efficient manner which benefited both system operator and consumers. However, system operators confront certain ordeals in microgrid operation. In this paper, a centralized reactive power compensation (CRPC) system is proposed for microgrids which aims at minimizing the total cost of reactive power compensation including power loss cost, capacitor utilization cost, and voltage deviation in the presence of renewable energy resources. Moreover, the stochastic behavior of customers in the microgrid is considered through several scenarios for demanded active and reactive power, electricity price, and the generated power of renewable energy resources. Further, sensitivity of the proposed CRPC system on the weighting coefficient definition in the objective function is investigated. In addition, the performance of the introduced CRPC system is compared with a decentralized reactive power compensation method. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is examined using a Macauian test system.
The applications of biofilm treatment technologies for domestic wastewater are being increased in many parts of the world. The aim of the study is to assess a compacted aerobic attached growth fix-film unit (termed Bio-cache) for treatment of small volume domestic wastewater. The system consists of the miniature plastic packing matrix, which provides a large surface area of 300 m 2 /m 3 , so as to maintain the high rate growth of viable organisms responsible for organic degradation. The study on the Biocache was undertaken in a laboratory scale and analytical data were collected before and after treatment. This paper also investigates microbial flora present in the system by isolating and identifying the microorganisms. At the optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 h, approximately 78% Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 88% Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ), 32% Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), 72% Total Suspended Solids (TSS), 9% Chlorides, 75% ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N), 40% phosphate (PO 4 -P), 93% most probable number (MPN) and 95% total viable count (TVC) reduction was achieved in the Biocache system. A comparative evaluation was done with the inferior surface fixed packing conduits and better treatment efficiency with lower wastage sludge biomass concentration was observed by the Bio-cache packed bed media. This study indicates a possibility of substantially effective attached growth system for small volume domestic wastewater treatment.
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