Reliability improvement in smart grid through incorporating energy storage systems in service restoration

Abstract

Summary Smart grid has been developing nowadays as an initiative to operate modern electric distribution systems (EDSs) in a more reliable and efficient manner. With the decreasing price of the energy storage systems (ESSs), ESSs are highly recommended to be exploited in the operation of EDSs. In this manuscript, a comprehensive framework is introduced for ESS incorporation in service restoration process which proposes 2 roles for ESSs in the service restoration. As the first role, ESSs are exploited in the service restoration to re‐energize customers in interrupted zones, as their backup units. As the second role, ESSs are used in the service restoration to increase the number of interrupted customers which transferred to the backup feeders through acting as storage units. The proposed objective function of service restoration consists of customer interruption cost, energy not sold cost, cost of electricity production in combined heat and power units, and cost of ESS incorporation in service restoration. Moreover, the stochastic characteristics of ESS contribution in service restoration are considered in the proposed problem formulation. Further, the impacts of the uncertainties of the service restoration on the proposed approach for ESS incorporation are investigated. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is deliberated using a standard reliability test system (RBTS‐4). The obtained results show that the incorporating ESSs as storage units will lead to substantially improve the reliability level of EDS through increasing the adequacy of the EDS during service restoration process.

A probabilistic electric power distribution automation operational planning approach considering energy storage incorporation in service restoration

“…In fact, ESs are employed in EPDN in which the automatic sectionalizing switches were deployed similar to "Case I." Indeed, the second case is same as the methodology proposed in Abniki et al 11 In the third case, the proposed probabilistic DA implementation approach implemented on the test system considering the ESs cooperation with the outage management system during service restoration. The obtained results are reported in Table 4.…”

“…Moreover, the state of charge of the ES units should be restricted to an acceptable range in order to avoid from ES units battery degradation. This constraint is formulated in (11), where SOC max i and SOC min i , respectively, refer to the maximum and minimum allowable state of charge of batteries in the ES unit connected to the ith load point.…”

“…In addition, three service restoration scenarios are extracted for the proposed reliability enhancement problem considering uncertain parameters including demanded power, failure rates electricity price, penalty charge, and incentive price during service restoration. 11 The probability of each service restoration scenario is reported in Table 3. 23 The first, second, and third scenarios, respectively, refer to contingency occurrence in low, high, and moderate demanded power of customers during service restoration, which are sketched in Figure 3.…”

“…4 In this regard, there exist a number of valuable studies proposing novel approached for reliability enhancement through ESs incorporation in service restoration process. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The reliability level of EPDNs is improved in Moafi et al 5 through presenting an algorithm that incorporates ESs during service restoration aiming at minimizing the EPDNs reliability cost, regarding the DGs operation during service restoration. A novel methodology is proposed for reliability enhancement of the EPDNs through ESs incorporation in service restoration via energy not supplied index minimization in Alharbi and Bhattacharya.…”

“…A multistage EDPNs planning approach is proposed in Giannitrapani et al 10 in which the ESs are employed in service restoration process. A reliability enhancement approach is proposed in Abniki et al 11 that proposed two roles to be played by the ESs during service restoration process.…”