Perinatal tissues possess numerous types of stem (stromal) cells, which are considered effective candidates for cell therapy. These tissues possess common characteristics of both embryonic and adult stem cells, and cell therapists have begun to use perinatal stem cells to treat several diseases. Despite their benefits, these cells are considered biological waste and usually discarded after delivery. This review highlights the characteristics and potential clinical applications in regenerative medicine of perinatal stem cell sources - cord blood hematopoietic stem cells, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, amniotic membrane stem cells, amniotic fluid stem cells, amniotic epithelial cells and chorionic mesenchymal stem cells.
Cord blood (CB) haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is an alternative source of HSC transplantation. The limited cell number greatly restricts their clinic-scale therapeutic applications. The objective of this study was an ex vivo expansion of CB HSCs in a new three-dimensional polycaprolactone nano-scaffold coated with fibronectin (FN). First, we isolated CB CD34+ cells and cultured 10 days in presence of growth factors. The evaluation was performed by qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and clonogenicity. 3D PCL nano-scaffold coated with FN produced significantly higher total nucleated cells and CD34+ cells (p < .05) and also had significantly higher homing and self-renewality genes than 2D cell culture and before expansion (p < .05). The expression of CXCR-4, VLA-4, VLA-5 and LFA-1, and also HOXB-4, HOXA-9, BMI-1 and hTERT genes was higher in 3D than 2D. The CD13, CD14, CD33, CD34 and CD45 markers were significantly higher and CD2, CD3 and CD19 markers were significantly lower in 3D scaffold than 2D cell culture (p < .05). The type and number of colonies in 2D culture were lower than 3D culture medium (p > .05). 3D PCL nano-scaffold coated with FN could better keep specifications homing and self renewality of CB HSCs after expansion.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have provided a promising tool for cell therapy. Umbilical cord (UC) is one of the best sources of MSCs since its collection is noninvasive, and effortless, and the cells from this source are more capable and prolific. It has been proven that the differentiation, migration and protective properties of UC-MSCs are superior compared with other kinds of stem cells. Moreover, incurable neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington, encourage scientists to apply UC-MSCs transplantation in order to find a definite treatment. This review will focus on the preclinical and clinical use of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an attractive source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation in some blood disorders. One of the major factors that influence on transplantation fate is cord blood (CB) cell count, in addition to human leukocyte antigen similarity and CD34+ cell number. Here, we review the factors that could effect on quality and quantity of CBUs. Relevant English-language literatures were searched and retrieved from PubMed using the terms: CB, quality, collection, and transplantation. The numbers of total nucleated cells (TNCs) and CD34+ cells are good indicators of CB quality because they have been associated with engraftment; thereby, whatever the TNCs in a CB unit (CBU) are higher, more likely they led to successful engraftment. Many factors influence the quantity and quality of UCB units that collect after delivery. Some parameters are not in our hands, such as maternal and infant factors, and hence, we cannot change these. However, some other factors are in our authority, such as mode of collection, type and amount of anticoagulant, and time and temperature during collection to postthaw CBUs and freeze-and-thaw procedures. By optimizing the CB collection, we can improve the quantity and quality of UCB for storage and increase the likelihood of its use for transplantation.
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