Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been widely used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment around the world due to their advantages, which include higher efficiency, smaller footprint, and lower sludge production over other conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. However, membrane fouling that results from physicochemical interactions between the membrane and the components of the mixed liquor still remains the most challenging matter preventing the broad application of MBR technology. Recently, a considerable number of experimental and modelling investigations have been conducted concerning MBRs and membrane fouling. Despite the development of low‐fouling membrane systems, more research and engineering activities with a focus on surface modification, wastewater specifications, pre‐treatment and treatment conditions, and efficient fouling control and remedy strategies are still needed to minimize the probability of the occurrence of fouling. It is vital to investigate important aspects of the characterization and mechanisms of the fouling phenomenon to find reliable and long‐term solutions. This review provides a detailed survey of the main aspects of the MBR processes, configurations, advantages and disadvantages, fouling phenomenon, and fouling control strategies in MBRs. Past research and engineering activities in this area are critically reviewed such that pros and cons of recent developments in fouling inhibition and mitigation approaches are also discussed. The main practical and theoretical challenges for the effective utilization of MBRs in various municipal and industrial sectors are then addressed. At the end, we offer useful practical guidelines and recommendations for the better design and operation of MBRs in industrial and public communities.
This study aimed to assess the role of a narrow perennial herbaceous buffer zone (NPHBZ) in attenuating surface runoff [of] solids under low and high slopes. The portable rainfall simulator was used to simulate surface runoff. The simulated surface runoff collected at 2 and 4 m distances from the edge of each site and solid particles in collecting samples were compared using a reference plot. Retention efficiency (RE) in site 1, at 2 and 4 m widths, for variables: total solid, total suspended solid, turbidity and electrical conductivity (EC) were 60-76%, 69-76%, 53-68% and 28-23%, respectively. Similarly, measurements in site 2 are as follows: 67-78%, 68-78%, 54-61% and 15-21%. Except for the EC of surface runoff in site 1, the particles transported in both sites were significantly reduced. By increasing the width, RE was also increased. This demonstrates that NPHBZs have a positive effect on receptive surface runoff quality.
Background: By economic development of societies and population growth there is an immense need for more food resources. Therefore, artificial fertilizers are a necessity to enhance agricultural productions. Fertilizers could leach into groundwater by man’s cultural activities and contaminate soil and groundwater.Objectives: The main objective in this research is to evaluate the ability of LEACHN model to simulate the phosphorus movement in soil medium causing groundwater contamination.Methods: LEACHN model was used to simulate. The required data to operation of the model are given from the Haraz Extension and Technology Development Center in Mazandaran, Iran.Results: The model was tested in order to verify its prediction value; with a correlation coefficient of 92.3% accuracy. The mean bias error of modeling was equal to -0.087. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the phosphorus concentration in the soil was slightly sensitive to soil saturated hydraulic conductivity changes, but was highly sensitive to changes in soil bulk density.Conclusions: The results showed that the model can accurately simulate phosphorus concentration in soil profile. The result of scenario modeling showed that the amount of phosphorus leakage was directly proportional to precipitation changes and soil permeability.
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