Article Accepted VersionPluskowski, A., Valk, H. and Szczepa ski, S. (2018) ńTheocratic rule, native agency and transformation: postcrusade sacred landscapes in the eastern
AbstractThe crusades against eastern Baltic societies from the end of the twelfth century saw the reorganisation of the conquered territories into new Christian polities -Livonia and Prussialargely ruled by a militarised theocracy consisting of the Teutonic Order, bishops and cathedral chapters. This was accompanied by the reconfiguration of land ownership and intensification in resource exploitation aimed at sustaining the new regime, alongside the growing urban and rural populations. An ecclesiastical administration was also imposed on the conquered territories, alongside the construction of churches and monasteries, confronting native religions which attached sacred importance to natural places and cemeteries. This paper compares the transformation of sacred landscapes in Livonia and Prussia and provides an interpretation of variability in relation to theocratic authority, native and migrant populations. Encompassing the role of settlements, cemeteries and the tempo of change, the paper is situated within a new archaeological framework contextualising religious transformation in the Middle Ages. It also provides the first detailed, comparative perspective for the two regions. The landscape was not uniformly transformed and its variability, particularly the post-crusade endurance and even proliferation of native sacred sites, reflects the limits of theocratic authority and the pragmatic necessities of ruling a conquered population. That strong contrasts exist in the nature and process of Christianisation in even superficially similar areas like Livonia and Prussia should serve as a warning to resist generalising across limited data sets.
Gustaw Gizewiusz urodzony w 1810 roku w Piszu, zmarł w 1848 roku w Ostródzie w wieku 38 lat. Ten
młody, ale zdolny pastor ostródzkiego Kościoła Polskiego należał do jednych z najbardziej znanych orędowników
praw Polaków i Mazurów do utrzymywania własnej mowy. Zajmował się działalnością polityczną, z której znany
był jako autor kilku rozpraw i listów otwartych. Najbardziej popularna w kręgach pruskich postępowców była
książeczkajego autorstwa: Die polnische Sprachfrage in Preußen („Polska kwestia językowa w Prusiech”). Gize�wiusz dziś bardziej znany jest jako zbieracz pieśni. Jego najważniejsze dzieło to spisane po polsku Pieśni ludu
znad Górnej Drwęcy w parafiach ostródzkiej i kraplewskiej zbierane od 1836 do 1840 roku. Zamieścił on w nim
441 różnych pieśni, które podyktowali mu mieszkający wokół Ostródy Mazurzy. Dzieło to nie zostało za jego
życia opublikowane. W 1846 roku w Lipsku natomiast opublikował zbiór pod polskim tytułem: Śpiewnik szkolny
i domowy dla wesołej i niewinnej młodzieży naszej. Gizewiusz zajmował się także kolekcjonowaniem zabytków
archeologicznych. Część przekazał do Warszawy, które później stały się częścią zbiorów Państwowego Muzeum
Archeologicznego. W niniejszym artykule omówiono kilka z nich, w tym dokładnie zidentyfikowano dwie szpile
z okresu Halsztadzkiego (Halstadtzeit), naczynko z okresu wpływów rzymskich (Römische Kaiserzeit) i skarb bran�solet z epoki brązu znalezione (Bronzezeit) pod Ostródą
On the morning of October 26 th 2018, Professor Grzegorz Białuński, an outstanding historian, expert on Masuria and Prussia, and researcher of legal history, sadly passed away. Barely anyone is fully prepared for the death of a person close to their heart, and very few will humbly reconcile the passing away of someone to whom they have been emotionally attached. Many of his friends, who on that bright day received the sad news that the struggle of Professor Białuński against an exhausting illness came to its end, were struck with grief. As Cicero asked -Qui potest mortem metuens esse non miser? Indeed, "is it possible to think about death and be happy?" His grave illness and the thought that Professor Białuński had to face it on a daily basis, agonized his family and numerous friends that were attached to him through common acade-
N MEMORIAM I
This work consists of eight thematic chapters and an extensive summary at the end. The introduction starts by explaining terminology, particularly the author's use of historic and modern placenames as well as names of selected medieval administrative units and ranks within the Teutonic Order. The second part of the introduction provides a survey of literature including relevant historical sources as well as archaeological data and interdisciplinary studies. It is worth noting that there are two mistakes in this section. First, contrary to the author's assertion, there is no Polish edition of the 'Chronicle' written by Simon Grunau (pp.-); the work by Sławomir Zonenberg to which the author refers as the Polish edition of this 'Chronicle' provides only an analysis of the text with discussion of the context in which it was written. The second mistake concerns the dating of the bog body from Drwęck (Ger. Dröbnitz). The body of a woman discovered there in dates most likely from the early Iron Age and not, as the author asserts, from the th century. This error most probably results from inaccurate reading of the article by Mirosław J. Hoffmann. After the introduction, the author focuses on the history and culture of pre-Christian Prussia. Drawing predominantly on archaeological data and making little use of historical sources, the discussion treats the tribal organisation of Prussia and describes a wide selection of archaeological sites, particularly strongholds and burial grounds. Some of the references, however, are inaccurate. For example, the fragment of an early medieval wooden chest (p.) was discovered at the stronghold at Lake Silm near Kamionka (Ger. Klein Steinersdorf) , not at the stronghold at Susz (Ger. Rosenberg). Another mistake is the assertion that the Arabic coin discovered in the stronghold on an island in Lake Slim dates from 1 S. Zonenberg, Kronika Szymona Gruanaua, Bydgoszcz 2009. 2 M. J. Hoffmann, Z historii badań archeologicznych w rejonie pól grunwaldzkich, in: Tradycje kulturowe i historyczne ziem pruskich. Krajobraz grunwaldzki w dziejach polsko-krzyżackich i polsko-niemieckich na przestrzeni wieków. Wokół mitów i rzeczywistości, ed.
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