Pollen grains of 20 taxa from two genera of the Liliaceae were examined and compared by LM (light microscope), SEM (scanning electron microscope) and pollens of four taxa were also examined with TEM (transmission electron microscope). Pollen grains shed as monads.
IntroductionThe Liliaceae contains approximately 250 genera and 3500 species. There are approximately 400 Liliaceous species in Turkey and it is one of the richest families. According to recent studies, 49 taxa of Fritillaria and 13 taxa of Asparagus are available in Turkey. The endemism ratio is 36.53% in Fritillaria and 23% in Asparagus. These genera have economic and pharmaceutical importance (Davis et al. 1984, 1988, Seçmen et al. 1998, Güvenç 1996, Guner et al. 2000. No detailed palynological studies have been found concerning these genera except for the LM studies by Radulescu (1973) and Schulze (1980Schulze ( , 1982; by Gori (1982), El-Ghazali (1993), Kosenko (1991aKosenko ( , 1991bKosenko ( , 1992Kosenko ( , 1999 and SEM and TEM studies. Among monocotyledones plants, the Liliaceae family is a difficult group due to taxonomical and systematic reasons. Some authors explained that the comparative study of pollen morphology of the whole Liliaceae by SEM and TEM hasn't been studied in detail yet (Zavada 1983, Doyle and Hotton 1991, Kosenko 1999a. In order to obtain more morphological data to solve some of these problems, the pollen grains of 20 taxa were comparatively examined in detail for the first time.
Pollen morphology of 14 Allium L. species grown in Turkey, that belong to the sections Codonoprasum and Allium, were investigated under LM (light microscopy) and by SEM (scanning electron microscopy). However, the pollens of 5 species were investigated under TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Detailed pollen morphological characteristics are given for Allium in the family on the basis of the results presented here together with data from the literature. The genera Allium homogeneous in both aperture type and exine ornamentation. It is suggested that some palynological characters, such as aperture type and the presence of an operculum, could be of taxonomic value at the section level.
Objective: The objective of this study was to histologically and histomorphometrically evaluate the efficacy of the new formulations of eggshell-derived calcium carbonate in rats.
Study Design: The study was conducted on 30 adult male rats. Four standardized and circular intrabony defects were created in the both maxilla and mandibula of each animal. Three different graft materials were prepared as follows: 1) Material A: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate combined with carrageenan gel, 2) Material B: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate combined with xanthan gum gel, and 3) Material C: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate powder. The right mandibular defect sites were grafted with Material A in all animals, and defects on the left were grafted with Material B. Defects on the right side of maxilla were received Material C in all animals, and all left maxillary defects were remained untreated as controls. The animals were sacrificed either postoperatively on the 15th day, postoperatively on the 30th day or postoperatively on the 45th day. Histomorphometric measurements were made of the areas of newly formed bone, necrotic bone, fibrous tissue and residual graft material.
Results: Material A exhibited the highest level of osteoid formation followed by Material B and Material C on the 45th day. In terms of osteoid formation, statistically significant differences were observed between graft materials and controls at 45th day compared to 15th and 30th day (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Eggshell-derived graft substitutes in both gel and powder forms are biocompatible materials which may have the potential to enhance the new bone formation.
Key words:Bone graft material, bone defects, eggshell, histopathological evaluation, rat.
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