Over the last decade, there are many research results on the new type shear connectors to solve the problems associated with the headed stud shear connector. It was revealed that the new type shear connector has better structural safety, welding quality, constructability, cost-effectiveness, etc. Especially, perforated shear connector (perfobond shear connector) which has superior fatigue resistance and constructability is receiving attention among various types of shear connectors. In this study, we suggest the new type shear connector which improved the perfobond shear connector. Newly suggested hat shaped shear connector can be used instead of headed stud shear connector commonly used in the concrete-steel composite beam. To evaluate the load carrying capacity of this hat shaped shear connector, push-out tests are carried out and test results are analyzed. In addition, the finite element analysis is conducted on the concrete slab having shear connector to investigate the stress distribution pattern affected by the presence of hat shaped shear connector. The existing design equations for the perfobond shear connectors are reviewed briefly and the equation for the prediction of load carrying capacity of new type hat shaped shear connector is suggested based on the experimental results, finite element analysis results, and existing equations suggested in the previous studies.
High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) are extremely important determinants of the functional properties of wheat dough. Transgenic rice plants containing a wheat TaGlu-Ax1 gene encoding a HMG-GS were produced from the Korean wheat cultivar 'Jokyeong' and used to enhance the bread-making quality of rice dough using the Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation method. Two expression cassettes with separate DNA fragments containing only TaGlu-Ax1 and hygromycin phosphotransferase II (HPTII) resistance genes were introduced separately into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 strain for co-infection. Rice calli were infected with each EHA105 strain harboring TaGlu-Ax1 or HPTII at a 3:1 ratio of TaGlu-Ax1 and HPTII. Among 210 hygromycin-resistant T0 plants, 20 transgenic lines harboring both the TaGlu-Ax1 and HPTII genes in the rice genome were obtained. The integration of the TaGlu-Ax1 gene into the rice genome was reconfirmed by Southern blot analysis. The transcripts and proteins of the wheat TaGlu-Ax1 were stably expressed in rice T1 seeds. Finally, the marker-free plants harboring only the TaGlu-Ax1 gene were successfully screened in the T1 generation. There were no morphological differences between the wild-type and marker-free transgenic plants. The quality of only one HMW-GS (TaGlu-Ax1) was unsuitable for bread making using transgenic rice dough. Greater numbers and combinations of HMW and LMW-GSs and gliadins of wheat are required to further improve the processing qualities of rice dough. TaGlu-Ax1 marker-free transgenic plants could provide good materials to make transgenic rice with improved bread-making qualities.
This paper presents a 900 MHz zero‐IF RF transceiver for IEEE 802.15.4g Smart Utility Networks OFDM systems. The proposed RF transceiver comprises an RF front end, a Tx baseband analog circuit, an Rx baseband analog circuit, and a ΔΣ fractional‐N frequency synthesizer. In the RF front end, re‐use of a matching network reduces the chip size of the RF transceiver. Since a T/Rx switch is implemented only at the input of the low‐noise amplifier, the driver amplifier can deliver its output power to an antenna without any signal loss; thus, leading to a low dc power consumption. The proposed current‐driven passive mixer in Rx and voltage‐mode passive mixer in Tx can mitigate the IQ crosstalk problem, while maintaining 50% duty‐cycle in local oscillator clocks. The overall Rx‐baseband circuits can provide a voltage gain of 70 dB with a 1 dB gain control step. The proposed RF transceiver is implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology and consumes 37 mA in Tx mode and 38 mA in Rx mode from a 1.8 V supply voltage. The fabricated chip shows a Tx average power of −2 dBm, a sensitivity level of −103 dBm at 100 Kbps with PER<1%, an Rx input P1dB of −11 dBm, and an Rx input IP3 of −2.3 dBm.
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