We successfully fabricated a three-dimensional (3D) printing-based PCL/PLGA/β-TCP guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane that slowly released rhBMP-2. To impregnate the GBR membrane with intact rhBMP-2, collagen solution encapsulating rhBMP-2 (5 µg ml(-1)) was infused into pores of a PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membrane constructed using a 3D printing system with four dispensing heads. In a release profile test, sustained release of rhBMP-2 was observed for up to 28 d. To investigate the efficacy of the GBR membrane on bone regeneration, PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes with or without rhBMP-2 were implanted in an 8 mm calvaria defect of rabbits. Bone formation was evaluated at weeks 4 and 8 histologically and histomorphometrically. A space making ability of the GBR membrane was successfully maintained in both groups, and significantly more new bone was formed at post-implantation weeks 4 and 8 by rhBMP-2 loaded GBR membranes. Interestingly, implantation with rhBMP-2 loaded GBR membranes led to almost entire healing of calvaria defects within 8 weeks.
A blue light-(peak at 470 nm) induced photomovement was observed in the filamentous eukaryotic algae, Spirogyra spp. When Spirogyra filaments were scattered in a water chamber under a unilateral light source, they rapidly aligned toward the light source in 1 h and bound with neighboring filaments to form thicker parallel bundles of filaments. The filaments in the anterior of the bundles curved toward the light first and then those in the posterior began to roll up toward the light, forming an open-hoop shape. The bundle of filaments then moved toward the light source by repeated rolling and stretching of filaments. When the moving bundle met other filaments, they joined and formed a bigger mat. The coordination of filaments was essential for the photomovement. The average speed of movement ranged between 7.8 and 13.2 lm . s À 1 . The movement was induced in irradiance level from 1 to 50 lmol photons . m À 2 . s À 1 . The filaments of Spirogyra showed random bending and stretching movement under red or far-red light, but the bundles did not move toward the light source. There was no distinct diurnal rhythm in the photomovement of Spirogyra spp.
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