The purpose of this study was to investigate myelin loss in both AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with a new myelin water mapping technique within reasonable scan time and evaluate the clinical relevance of the apparent myelin water fraction (MWF) values by assessing the relationship between decreases in myelin water and the degree of memory decline or aging. Twenty-nine individuals were assigned to the cognitively normal (CN) elderly group, 32 participants were assigned to the MCI group, and 31 patients were assigned to the AD group. A 3D visualization of the short transverse relaxation time component (ViSTa)-gradient and spin-echo (GraSE) sequence was developed to map apparent MWF. Then, the MWF values were compared between the three participant groups and was evaluated the relationship with the degree of memory loss. The AD group showed a reduced apparent MWF compared to the CN and MCI groups. The largest AUC (area under the curve) value was in the corpus callosum and used to classify the CN and AD groups using the apparent MWF. The ViSTa-GraSE sequence can be a useful tool to map the MWF in a reasonable scan time. Combining the MWF in the corpus callosum with the detection of atrophy in the hippocampus can be valuable for group classification.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the size of the torsed appendages and the interval between the symptom onset and ultrasonographic performance according to the echogenicity of the torsed appendages.Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 54 cases of 46 patients with torsion of the testicular appendages between December 2008 and July 2021. Eight patients performed follow-up ultrasonography after 7-48 days from initial ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic findings were determined by retrospective analysis of the images. The echogenicity, size, and degree of the blood flow of the torsed appendages and interval between symptom onset and US performance were determined based on the report. The echogenicity of torsed appendages was classified into three groups: hypoechoic, hyperechoic, or isoechoic.Results: Fifty-four torsed appendages showed hypoechoic (n = 40), hyperechoic (n = 9), and isoechoic (n = 5). The size of the torsed appendages ranged from 4 to 14 mm (8 ± 3.1 mm) in hypoechoic torsed appendages and 2.6 to 5 mm (3.7 ± 0.9 mm) in hyperechoic torsed appendages.The interval between symptom onset and ultrasonographic performance ranged from 0 to 17 days (4.2 ± 4.4 days) in hypoechoic torsed appendages and 8 to 48 days (29.8 ± 16 days) in hyperechoic torsed appendages. The hyperechoic torsed appendages had a small size and longer intervals between symptom onset and ultrasonographic performance than that of hypoechoic torsed appendages (< 0.05).Three hypoechoic torsed appendages and single isoechoic torsed appendage on initial ultrasonography changed into the hyperechoic on follow-up ultrasonography. Conclusion:The size of the torsed appendages and the interval between the symptom onset and ultrasonographic performance are different according to the echogenicity of the torsed appendages.The hyperechoic torsed appendages had smaller sizes and longer intervals than those of hypoechoic torsed appendages.
Background: Developing an imaging technique to map myelin changes in the brain within a short scan time is needed due to the inability of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients to remain motionless during MRI scanning. Purpose:To investigate myelin loss in both AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with a new myelin water mapping technique within reasonable scan time and evaluate the clinical relevance of the apparent myelin water fraction (MWF) values by assessing the relationship between decreases in myelin water and the degree of memory decline or aging. Method:In this prospective study from March 2019 to October 2021, the participants were allocated as follows: 29 individuals were assigned to the cognitively normal (CN) elderly group (mean ± SD, 73 ± 5 years, 16 females), 32 participants were assigned to the MCI group (74 ± 5 years, 21 females), and 31 patients were assigned to the AD group (74 ± 6 years, 26 females). A 3D visualization of the short transverse relaxation time component (ViSTa)-gradient and spin-echo (GraSE) sequence was developed to map apparent MWF. Then, the MWF values were compared between the three participant groups, and was evaluated the relationship with the degree of memory loss.Result: A total of 92 participants were evaluated. The AD group showed a reduced apparent MWF compared to the CN and MCI groups. Moreover, the MWF was decreased with age and positively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores. The largest AUC value (0.799) was in the corpus callosum and used to classify the CN and AD groups using the apparent MWF. Conclusion:The ViSTa-GraSE sequence can be a useful tool to map the MWF in a reasonable scan time. Combining the MWF in the corpus callosum with the detection of atrophy in the hippocampus can be valuable for group classification.
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