Water curtain method has been utilized to prevent the escape of gas from storage caverns excavated in the rock. The water curtain method appears to be increasingly used in various forms of storage caverns. Fluid flow in crystalline fractured rock where most of water curtains are constructed is basically controlled by the geometry of fracture network and the properties of the individual fracture. The concept of discrete fracture flow is more appropriate approach for analyzing the stability of water curtain system. In order to analyze the groundwater flow in fracture network, we have developed an unsteady state discrete fracture flowing FEM simulator and have applied it to underground LPG storage facilities at Ulsan, Korea. In this site the hydraulic head of observation well Y was monitored as -7.5 m. With the continuum model concept for the fractured rock the hydraulic head of well Y was calculated as -18.62 m, whereas -4 m was estimated with discrete fracture flow model. The result showed that the discrete fracture flow model was more reasonable for the analysis of groundwater flow in fractured rock than the continuum model concept.
Purpose: Prostaglandin in the urinary bladder could be changed due to pathology of bladder and this change could be noted in the urine. This study was performed to investigate the changes in urinary prostaglandins in male patient with lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS).Materials and Methods: The study groups included 60 male LUTS patients and 15 healthy male patients were used as the reference controls. Evaluation included history taking, urinalysis, IPSS and urodynamic study.The urinary concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) in voided urine were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and these results were compared with control group.
Results:The IPSS scores of LUTS patients were higher than those of control patients. Also, detrusor overactivity was found in 30 patients and bladder outlet obstruction was found in 38 patients from urodynamic study. The urinary concentration of PGE 2 was significantly increased in LUTS patients compared with control patients. The urinary concentration of PGF 2α was not statistically significant between LUTS patients and control patients. The urinary concentration of PGE2 was decreased in LUTS patients with detrusor underactivity and negatively correlated to maximal bladder capacity. However, The urinary concentration of PGF 2α was not correlated with IPSS and urodynamic parameters.
Conclusion:Prostaglandins may play a role in lower urinary tract symptoms, and these changes can be detected in urine sample. Therefore, urinary PG may be used as a marker to evaluate lower urinary tract symptoms.
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