Highly efficient nonlinear optical organic crystals are very attractive for various photonic applications including terahertz (THz) wave generation. Up to now, only two classes of ionic crystals based on either pyridinium or quinolinium with extremely large macroscopic optical nonlinearity have been developed. This study reports on a new class of organic nonlinear optical crystals introducing electron-accepting benzothiazolium, which exhibit higher electron-withdrawing strength than pyridinium and quinolinium in benchmark crystals. The benzothiazolium crystals consisting of new acentric core HMB (2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl)-3-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-3-ium) exhibit extremely large macroscopic optical nonlinearity with optimal molecular ordering for maximizing the diagonal second-order nonlinearity. HMB-based single crystals prepared by simple cleaving method satisfy all required crystal characteristics for intense THz wave generation such as large crystal size with parallel surfaces, moderate thickness and high optical quality with large optical transparency range (580-1620 nm). Optical rectification of 35 fs pulses at the technologically very important wavelength of 800 nm in 0.26 mm thick HMB crystal leads to one order of magnitude higher THz wave generation efficiency with remarkably broader bandwidth compared to standard inorganic 0.5 mm thick ZnTe crystal. Therefore, newly developed HMB crystals introducing benzothiazolium with extremely large macroscopic optical nonlinearity are very promising materials for intense broadband THz wave generation and other nonlinear optical applications.
A design strategy is proposed for electron‐transporting materials (ETMs) with homochiral asymmetric‐shaped groups for highly efficient non‐fullerene perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The electron transporting N,N′‐bis[(R)‐1‐phenylethyl]naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic diimide (NDI‐PhE) consists of two asymmetric‐shaped chiral (R)‐1‐phenylethyl (PhE) groups that act as solubilizing groups by reducing molecular symmetry and increasing the free volume. NDI‐PhE exhibits excellent film‐forming ability with high solubility in various organic solvents [about two times higher solubility than the widely used fullerene‐based phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in o‐dichlorobenzene]. NDI‐PhE ETM‐based inverted PSCs exhibit very high power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of up to 20.5 % with an average PCE of 18.74±0.95 %, which are higher than those of PCBM ETM‐based PSCs. The high PCE of NDI‐PhE ETM‐based PSCs may be attributed to good film‐forming abilities and to three‐dimensional isotropic electron transporting capabilities. Therefore, introducing homochiral asymmetric‐shaped groups onto charge‐transporting materials is a good strategy for achieving high device performance.
In this paper, we suggested a novel method achieving high resolution and high brightness in the glasses‐type 3D displays and fabricated a prototype of 15″ size in diagonal, which is composed of an active retarder synchronized with an image panel. The active retarder is configured to a TN mode to have a function of polarization switching for the input polarization states. We expect that the AR3D technology can give high resolution and high brightness for the 3D users with a convenience of simple polarizer glasses and an inexpensive cost compared with the shutter glasses type 3D display, where not only the image panel and but also the glasses should have an LCD panel.
In this paper, we proposed the equation of the gray-to-gray 3D crosstalk in the field-sequential 3D displays for the first time.With the definition of the proposed 3D crosstalk, we analyzed the gray-to-gray 3D crosstalk under the normal driving condition of active retarder 3D (AR3D) we proposed previously. To suppress the gray-to-gray 3D crosstalk levels, we optimized the overdriving table of the image panel of AR3D prototype. By applying the over-driving method, it was clarified that the equation of the gray-to-gray 3D crosstalk which we proposed was matched very well with the actual images in 3D mode and that the ghost effects were greatly reduced. IntroductionFor the prosperous era of the 3D displays, various types of 3D Display technologies have been proposed [1]. 3D technologies are classified into two major categories of glasses and non-glasses types. Since the viewing position is much free in spite of the requirement of some special glasses, the glasses type 3D displays are pioneering the initial 3D market.Among the various glasses type 3D displays, a field sequential shutter glasses type 3D display with a LCD panel has been introduced [2]. In that technology, each even and odd frame corresponding to the left and the right images are bypassed into the left and right eyes by the sequential operation of the left and right eye shutters in glasses. Therefore, the 2D resolution can be conserved even in the 3D states. However, due to the slow response time and writing speed of the LCD panels, the shutter can be opened in a very short time interval, called the vertical blanking time, leading to poor brightness in 3D modes. Moreover, since the shutter glasses needs batteries to make its active operation, they are still heavy, uncomfortable, and may have some malfunction due to the synchronization of the image panel and the shutter glasses. To overcome these disadvantages, we previously suggested the active retarder 3D (AR3D) technology as a fieldsequential 3D displays [3].In these types of field-sequential 3D displays, the major factor for the clear separation between left and right images is the response time of liquid crystal for the image panel. However, because of different response times in each gray-togray transition, the left and right images can not be clearly separated under some gray transitions showing the slow response time. Moreover, it has not been reported yet to describe quantitatively the gray-to-gray 3D crosstalk (GtoG 3D CT) for such an area of field-sequential 3D technology.In this paper, we first define the equation of the GtoG 3D CT in the field-sequential 3D displays and analyze the individual crosstalk level under normal driving condition of AR3D. To suppress the GtoG 3D CT, we optimize the overdriving table of the image panel of our prototype and then compare the results with the 3D CT levels under normal driving condition. Finally, by comparing the 3D CT values with observed images in 3D mode, we verify the equation of the GtoG 3D CT is suitable to describe characteristics of the ghost wh...
In this study, we presented new concepts defining 3D crosstalk and 3D blur for autostereoscopic displays for multi-view autostereoscopic displays. First, we measured the angular dependencies of luminance for 9-view autostereoscopic displays under test patterns of given view and then calculated the 3D crosstalk with the measured luminance profiles. Our new approach gives just a single 3D crosstalk value of similar order to the conventional stereoscopic displays. For the 3D blur, we measured the size of 3D blur of the given 9-view system with the angular distribution of luminance and a given parallax disparity. From the results, we believe that this new approach is very useful for comparing the 3D crosstalk and 3D blur as 3D performances of various autostereoscopic displays.
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