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Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR),

IMPORTANCE Because women remain underrepresented in leadership positions in medicine, including ophthalmology, knowledge of sex composition of ophthalmic journal editorial and professional society boards seems warranted.OBJECTIVES To investigate the sex composition of ophthalmic journal editorial and professional society boards and compare the publication productivity and number of citations of male vs female board members. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSIn this cross-sectional study, the SCImago Journal Rank indicator was used to identify the 20 highest-ranked ophthalmology journals. Faculty members from each ophthalmic subspecialty were surveyed within a US academic ophthalmology department to identify 15 influential ophthalmology societies. The 2018 board members of each journal and society were identified from the journals' and societies' official websites, and the sex of each individual was recorded. Information regarding journals and societies was collected from October 1 to December 31, 2018. The Scopus database was accessed in January 2019 and then used to find each member's h-index and m-quotient. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe h-index, defined as the highest number of an author's publications that received at least h number of citations, was calculated for each board member. The m-quotient, which accounts for varying lengths of academic careers, was calculated by dividing the h-index by the number of years since first publication. RESULTSOf the 1077 members of ophthalmic journal editorial and society leadership boards, 797 (74.0%) were men and 280 (26.0%) were women. Among the 24 editors in chief of the 20 journals investigated, 23 (95.8%) were male. Thirteen of the 15 professional society presidents (86.7%) were men. Male board members had significantly higher median h-indexes (male vs female journals: 34 [interquartile range {IQR}, 23-47] vs 28 [

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PK eyes had better logMAR VA than that of DSAEK eyes with LOA correction, whereas DALK eyes performed intermediate between the two. When full correction was applied, the same trend persisted. The findings suggest that factors other than aberration contribute to decrements in VA with DSAEK compared with PK.

Purpose To assess the visual impact of ocular wavefront aberrations, corneal thickness, and corneal light scatter prospectively after Descemet’s Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK) in humans. Methods Data were obtained prospectively from 20 eyes pre-operatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post- DSAEK. At each visit, best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and visual acuity with glare (Brightness Acuity Testing - BAT) were recorded and ocular wavefront measurements and corneal Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) performed. Magnitude and sign of individual Zernike terms (higher order aberrations HOA) were determined. Epithelial, host stromal, donor stromal, and total corneal thickness were quantified. Brightness, intensity profiles of OCT images were generated to quantify light scatter in the whole cornea, subepithelial region, anterior and posterior host stroma, interface, and donor stroma. Results Mean BSCVA and glare disability at low light levels improved from 1 to 12 months post-DSAEK. All corneal thicknesses and ocular lower- and HOAs were stable from 1 through 12 months, whereas total corneal, host stromal, and interface brightness intensities decreased significantly over the same period. A repeated measures ANOVA across the follow up period found that the change in scatter, but not the change in higher order aberrations, could account for the variability occurring in acuity from 1 to 12 months post-DSAEK. Conclusions While ocular HOAs and scatter are both elevated over normal post-DSAEK, our results demonstrate that improvements in visual performance occurring over the first year post-DSAEK are associated with decreasing light scatter. In contrast, there were no significant changes in ocular HOAs during this time. Because corneal light scatter decreased between 1 and 12 months despite stable corneal thicknesses over the same period, we conclude that factors that induced light scatter, other than tissue thickness or swelling (corneal edema), significantly impacted the visual improvements that occurred over time post-DSAEK. A better understanding of the cellular and extracellular matrix changes of the subepithelial region and interface, incurred by the surgical creation of a lamellar host -graft interface, and the subsequent healing of these tissues, is warranted.

Intraoperative wavefront aberrometry was better than all formulas based on preoperative biometry and as effective as the AL-optimized Holladay 1 formula in predicting residual refractive error and reducing hyperopic outcomes. The Hill-RBF formula's performance was similar to that of the fourth-generation formulas.

Results show that residents today begin surgical training with phacoemulsification rather than ECCE, perform a higher number of phacoemulsification surgeries than is required by the ACGME, and begin performing phacoemulsification as early as their first or second year of residency. Despite these evolutions, 29% of respondent ACGME-accredited ophthalmology residency programs reported not having a formal cataract surgery training curriculum.