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Growth response of conifers is species-specific and depends on site and climate conditions. Studies on daily radial stem growth use different analytical approaches to determine species reactions to environmental conditions. These results contribute to improve forecasts of tree growth under a changing climate. During 2013 and 2014, radial stem growth of 33 mature Cedrus libani individuals growing under different climatic conditions in Turkey and Germany was monitored hourly using high precision point dendrometers. Stem radius increments (SRI) were extracted from dendrometer readings. The annual course of SRI showed site-specific patterns with mean daily values ranging between 9.9 and 29.3 lm over the growing season. Correlation and principal component analyses indicated that humidity and low temperatures during the growing season favored SRI. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that precipitation and relative air humidity were the most important factors influencing daily SRI. Climate-growth relationships were further evaluated using the regression tree method. Precipitation was the most significant factor on daily SRI for all sites. The close coupling of SRI to relative air humidity and precipitation underlines the importance of stem water status for radial stem growth of C. libani which is native to regions with summer drought. It further explains the superior growth of C. libani in Germany.

Aim of study: The main purpose of the present study is to model present and future potential distribution areas of the Crimean juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. BIEB.) under climate change. Area of study: The study was carried out in the Lakes District that covers Burdur, Isparta and Antalya provinces in the west of the Mediterranean region. Material and methods: During the study, the inventory data of 40 productive juniper stands in the region were collected. The future projections for the study area were made for the year 2070 with all Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios and 19 bioclimatic predictors from HadGEM2-ES. Modeling process was performed by using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) method. Main results: The AUC value of the model was determined as 0.966 ± 0.028. The model identified that Precipitation of Driest Month, Temperature Seasonality, Precipitation of Coldest Quarter, Max Temperature of Warmest Month, Mean Diurnal Range were the major variables influencing the current and future distributions of the species. According to the models, there will be a dramatic decrease in the potential distribution of the Crimean juniper. Consequently, the results from all these studies will be able to create an effective base for the biodiversity and ecosystem planning studies to be realized according to the climate change scenarios. Highlights: Understanding how climate change will affect the distribution of plant species in the future is an important topic in ecological researches. Climate change scenarios are the most preferred parameters to remove this uncertainty. It is predicted that the Crimean juniper will be affected by climate change and its distribution will decrease dramatically.

ASSOCIATIONS elevation-climate P o t e n t ia l d is t r ib u t io n o f A n a t o li a n B la c k P in e B la c k S e a R e g io n , T u r k e y

Potential distribution models (PDM) can be defined as equations derived to estimate the appropriate alternative distribution areas in nature using the actual environmental variables in the natural distribution areas of species [1-7]. On one hand one can determine the habitat characteristics of the species through PDM while on the other hand ecology-based information needed for basic concepts such as sustainability, conservation, restoration, and biodiversity can be collected [8-12]. In particular,

Relationships among forest vegetation, plant diversity and some environmental factors in Türkmen Mountain (Eskişehir-Kütahya, Turkey)Türkmendağı orman vejetasyonu ve bitki çeşitliliği ile bazı yetişme ortamı faktörleri arasındaki ilişkiler (Eskişehir-Kütahya, Türkiye) AbstractThe aim of this study is to determine the vascular plant diversity of forest vegetation in Türkmendağ and to reveal vegetation-environmental relationships. The sampling was done using the Braun-Blanquet method in 95 grids. Two subplots were sampled in each grid. Plant groups were determined by hierarchical classification clustering analysis. The relations between plant groups and environmental variables were examined by non-parametric test statistics. Alpha, beta and gamma (α, β, γ) values, which are the species diversity indices of plant groups and sample areas were calculated. The interrelationships among the diversity components (α, β w and γ) of the sample areas, and the site factors were analysed by regression tree method. The best regression tree model was built by tree layer, shrub layer, slope, RI, limestone and altitude respectively. According to statistical analysis, the same variables played dominant roles for the distribution of plant groups. When we evaluate all three plant species diversity components together, plant groups endowed with the highest species diversity are Group 1, Group 2, Group 4 and Group 8.

Background:We conducted a study about how to determine best diversity ordering method for a community data set. Using 12 hypothetical and one ecological datasets, we tested the performances of 20 diversity ordering (divo) methods based on four criteria. Number of intersections (ints) amongst the diversity curves was taken the most important criterion into account. We defined the other criteria considering whether parametric values of a divo method contains SHD (species richness, Shannon entropy and Simpson index), potentially uSHD (unbiased values of SHD), and potentially true species diversity, tSHD (bias corrected values as effective number of SHD). All the criteria were collected into an equation called the relative selection value, rVd i .Results: According to the rVd i values of hypothetical community data sets, the best performances in seven community data sets were provided by N α . This was followed by intrinsic diversity related methods with five community data sets. For ecological data set, the best results were obtained from the methods, (i,M i ), (log i,k i ) and N α , with the rVd i values of 6.883, 6.881 and 6.859, respectively. Conclusion:Findings suggest that the characteristics of community data sets play important role in defining the best diversity ordering method. This tells us that diversity is certainly a multifaceted phenomenon for a single community but perhaps it is a single phenomenon for a group of communities.

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de oldukça geniş yayılış alanına sahip ardıç türlerinden boylu ardıç (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) ve kokulu ardıç (Juniperus foetidissima Willd.) türlerinin uçucu yağ verimlilikleri ile kozalak fiziksel özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla kokulu ardıca ait 12 farklı, boylu ardıca ait ise 40 farklı örnek alandan olgun kozalak örnekleri toplanmıştır. Laboratuvarda ilk aşamada kozalaklara ait fiziksel ölçümler (en, boy, 1000 tane ağırlığı, nem oranı) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra Clevenger düzeneğinde su destilasyonu ile damıtılan örneklerde uçucu yağ verimlilikleri tespit edilmiştir. Kokulu ardıçlarda ortalama %2,43 v/w, boylu ardıçlarda ise %3,82 v/w oranında uçucu yağ verimi tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra örnek alanların uçucu yağ verimlilikleri arasındaki farkın kozalak fiziksel özellikleri ile ilişkilendirilmesi amacıyla temel bileşenler analizi uygulanmıştır. Analiz neticesinde uçucu yağ veriminin özellikle, kozalaklarda nem oranları (%) ile ilişkili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu durumun ise bitkide özellikle neme bağlı olarak kuraklık ve su stresinin uçucu yağ verimi gibi biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine yansıması sonucunda ortaya çıktığı yorumu yapılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Ardıç, Fiziksel özellikler, Nem içeriği, Uçucu yağ, Yetişme ortamı koşulları Relationships between essential oil yield and physical properties of cones in juniper species (Juniperus excelsa Bieb. and Juniperus foetidissima Willd.