Yeats's poetry is quite rich in the imagery of loss, yearning for the glorious and distant past, and a search for identity. The Tower is almost emblematic of the poet's disillusionment with the modern and of his nostalgic desire for the longforgotten past. This article intends to analyse the social, political and psychological reasons underlying the sense of loss pervading through the particular book and in order to keep reliability of the order of poems or their presence in the book, The Variorum Edition of Alspach and Allt, including the final texts, will be used, otherwise it would be rather difficult to follow the poems as Yeats is notorious for his revising his poems and even the order of the poems in his books.
Bertolt Brecht's epic theory consists of formal and ideological elements. These two elements are indivisible because Epic Theatre represents the changing social and political circumstances with the help of changing dramatic conventions. Both formal and ideological elements are used in Brecht's Alienation Effect to minimize the emotional involvement of the audience. Brecht demanded the audience be intellectually involved with the play so as to receive the social and political messages in the play. Bertolt Brecht was not the first to use the Epic tradition, and to be sure he was not the last. Caryl Churchill, one of the most successful woman playwrights in Britain, is one of the practitioners of Epic Theatre. Churchill is mostly known for her feminist plays, but in her plays -just like Brecht's-she combines her ideological commitment with theatrical experimentation. In 1990, only months after Ceauşescu had been deposed, Churchill visited Romania with some students from a London theatre school. Their experiences there resulted in her play, Mad Forest. This paper will be an analysis of Churchill's use of the Alienation Effect through Epic conventions in her Mad Forest. Churchill, to avoid the emotional involvement of the audience and to make them aware of the theatricality of what they see, creates the Alienation Effect through her use of setting, plot structure, characterization, and theatrical instruments. Keywords: Alienation Effect, Epic Theatre, Caryl Churchill, Bertolt BrechtÖz: Bertolt Brecht'in epik kuramı biçimsel ve ideolojik elementlerden meydana gelmektedir. Bu ikisi birbirinden ayrılamaz çünkü epik tiyatro değişen siyasi ve toplumsal koşulları değişen drama gelenekleriyle temsil etmektedir. Hem biçimsel hem ideolojik elementler izleyicinin oyuna duygusal katılımını en aza indirgemek amacıyla Brecht'in yabancılaştırma etkisiyle birlikte kullanılır. Brecht tiyatro izleyicisinin oyuna siyasi ve toplumsal mesajları alabilmesi için yalnızca düşünsel katılımını hedefler. Epik tiyatro geleneğinde Brecht ne ilktir ne de son. İngiltere'nin en iyi kadın oyun yazarlarından Caryl Churchill de epik tiyatronun uygulayıcılarından biridir. Churchill esasen feminist oyunlarıyla bilinir, ancak Brecht gibi o da oyunlarında ideolojik bağlılıklarını teatral deneyselciliğiyle birleştirir. Yazar, 1990'da Çavu-şesku'nun görevden alınmasından sadece aylar sonra Londra'da bir tiyatro okulundan öğrencilerle Romanya'yı ziyaret eder. Oradaki deneyimleri Deli Orman oyunuyla neticelenir. Bu makale Churchill'in epik gelenekler vesilesiyle Brecht'in yabancılaştırma etkisini Deli Orman oyununda nasıl yarattığını irdelemektedir. İzleyicilerin oyuna duygusal katılımı yerine gördüklerinin kurgusallığının farkında olmalarını isteyen Churchill, kullandığı olay yeri, olay örgüsü, kişi tasvirleri ve teatral araçlarla yabancılaş-tırma etkisi yaratır.
The Magic Toyshop (1967), Angela Carter's second novel, is the story of a young middle-class English girl-Melanie, who with her brother and sister has to move to London and live with her uncle after the death of her parents in an accident. Uncle Philips functions as the primordial father in the household and does not tolerate any digression or transgression from the Law. This paper aims to offer a Lacanian analysis of The Magic Toyshop by focusing on the major polarity that stands out in the novel around which all the narrative is structured: Desire and Law.
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