The basic historical conditions for the formation of religious doctrines within the Christian faith were determined. It was established that the church proclaiming the need for unity of Europe did not object to the existence of nation states. The conclusion regarding the desire of the church to subject the political power in the states of Europe and thereby establish unity of management methods was proved. Such methods were based on the principles of Catholic religious doctrine and dogma. The content culturological integration processes in the environment, particularly in science and art was disclosed. It was identified their impact on integration and mutual penetration of ideas of humanistic orientation into the European consciousness.
This paper considers the measures undertaken by the Nazi occupation administration to dismantle Communist monuments in Ukraine during World War II. The research methodology integrates general scientific and special historical methods and the basic principles of historical research, namely: historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. The principles of historicism and scientificity have contributed to complex representation of the processes of dismantling the Bolshevik monuments in interconnection and interrelation with the events of that period. The principle of objectivity has facilitated the analysis of the outlined issues taking into account the objective historical regularities, based on a critical analysis of the specialized literature and sources. The principle of systematicity has been used togain a holistic picture of Communist monuments dismantling in Ukraine during World War II. This paper is the first research considering the measures to dismantle Communist monuments in Ukraine under the Nazi occupation on the basis of a comprehensive range of historical sources. The authors come to the conclusion that dismantling of Communist monuments in Ukraine was initiated at the beginning of the Nazi occupation. Bolshevik monuments were often demolished, whereas monuments without any ideological charge were preserved. The policy was supported by the local population, who associated ideological monuments with the Bolshevik anti-Ukrainian policy of the interwar period. To sustain anti-Soviet sentiments, the occupation administration promoted the local initiatives to erect monuments with anti-Bolshevik content (mostly monuments in memory of the Ukrainians executed by the NKVD). The evidence from this study indicates that Bolshevik ideological monuments were completely demolished on the territory of Ukraine during World War II.
The purpose of this article is to identify the key historical aspects of the formation of the teachings of religion within the Christian faith. In the course of the study, it is established that the church did not interfere with the existence of nation states, proclaiming the need for European unity. The conclusion of the manuscript argues for the church's (in its general sense) desire to subordinate political power in European states, which would serve to establish unified methods of government. The theological and canonical principles of Catholic religious doctrine provided the basis for such methods. The church's teachings became the basis for the formation of rules aimed at regulating relations in society in general, interpersonal relations and relations between the individual, the state and the church in particular. The article also examines and reveals the processes of integration of cultural studies in the environment, including science and art. The church actively finances various projects of preservation and restoration of historical art objects and promotes the development of new artistic directions. The church also actively promotes the development of science, primarily in the field of theology and philosophy. Such actions are quite valuable, because the church demonstrates adherence to its principles and values, thereby encouraging people to adhere to them as well. Such influence caused the integration and emergence of ideas of humanistic principles in the European consciousness. Moreover, the established canon law actively contributed to it. It became the basis for many branches of secular law.
The objective of the article is to investigate the commemorative practices related to the tragedy in Bazar in the context of the anti-Bolshevik insurgency and Ukrainian emigration of the 1920s–1930s. The methodology of the scientific research is based on the general scientific and special historical methods, taking into account the basic principles of historical world perception: historicism, scientific character, objectivity, systematic approach. The principles of historicism and scientific character have made it possible to reproduce the peculiarities of the commemorative practices associated with the tragedy in Bazar in all its complexity and diversity, interrelation and interdependence with the events of the time. The principle of objectivity is a helpful way to analyze the outlined problem with a critical survey of reference data. The principle of the systematic approach has enabled us to form a coherent picture of the manifestations of the commemorative practices in memory of the victims of the tragedy during the outlined period. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it examines the events of November 1921 from the standpoint of the historical memory schools for the first time. A great variety of reference data has made it possible to examine the commemorative practices in the memory of the victims of the tragedy in Bazar in a short chronological period from the 1920s and during the 1930s. As a result of the study, the author concludes that the first attempts to commemorate the victims at their burial sites occurred in the early 1920s. The preservation of the memory of the tragedy in Bazar fostered the spread of anti-Bolshevik insurgencies in Zhytomyr region. As the Soviet authorities aimed to destroy the historical memory of the victims of the November 1921 execution, the attempts to preserve it through various commemorative practices were connected with the Ukrainian political emigration abroad (Poland, France, and Czechoslovakia) because the former Ukrainian military as well as the emigration government structures of the UNR were situated there. In the interwar period the commemoration of the tragedy in Bazar was embodied and reflected in the works of fine art. Furthermore, memoirs on both the Second Winter Campaign of the UNR Army and the tragedy in Bazar were published during this time.
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