This paper considers the measures undertaken by the Nazi occupation administration to dismantle Communist monuments in Ukraine during World War II. The research methodology integrates general scientific and special historical methods and the basic principles of historical research, namely: historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. The principles of historicism and scientificity have contributed to complex representation of the processes of dismantling the Bolshevik monuments in interconnection and interrelation with the events of that period. The principle of objectivity has facilitated the analysis of the outlined issues taking into account the objective historical regularities, based on a critical analysis of the specialized literature and sources. The principle of systematicity has been used togain a holistic picture of Communist monuments dismantling in Ukraine during World War II. This paper is the first research considering the measures to dismantle Communist monuments in Ukraine under the Nazi occupation on the basis of a comprehensive range of historical sources. The authors come to the conclusion that dismantling of Communist monuments in Ukraine was initiated at the beginning of the Nazi occupation. Bolshevik monuments were often demolished, whereas monuments without any ideological charge were preserved. The policy was supported by the local population, who associated ideological monuments with the Bolshevik anti-Ukrainian policy of the interwar period. To sustain anti-Soviet sentiments, the occupation administration promoted the local initiatives to erect monuments with anti-Bolshevik content (mostly monuments in memory of the Ukrainians executed by the NKVD). The evidence from this study indicates that Bolshevik ideological monuments were completely demolished on the territory of Ukraine during World War II.
Insufficient coverage of the history of Poles in Ukraine during the war and the revolution is largely due to a narrow source base. The Polish press is an important source for studying the history of the Polish community in Ukraine at the beginning of the twentieth century. The aim of the study is to clarify the importance, ideological orientation, thematic informativeness, representativeness and characteristics of the functioning of the Polish press in Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the existing Polish press in Ukraine on the basis of the criteria of popularity and publication period, their genre, thematic and ideological orientation, audience, editorial policy, authors, and content. System-analytical and comparative-historical methods have been applied, thanks to which the characteristics of certain periods of the Polish press functioning have been determined. The scientific novelty lies in the disclosure of the source aspect of the study of the Polish press in Ukraine. It was found out that the Polish press in Ukraine in the first decades of the twentieth century is a significant, often unique source of reliable information about the events of Poles' socio-political, socio-economic, and cultural life. Conclusions. The emergence, development and functioning of the Polish press can be divided into three periods: 1905-1914, 1914-1916, and 1917-1921, which are defined by the beginning of its existence, the significance of the events that influenced the development of society – World War I, the Russian February Revolution and the Ukrainian National Revolution. This influenced the content, character and ideological orientation of materials, and the formation of the editorial staff.
The cohabitation of different nations in the border of one state creates certain ethnic, social, mental collective nation's image which changes very slowly. These processes are enhanced during the global historical processes with significant devastating effects which lead to an alteration in public consciousness. During World War І, under the influence of the external crisis circumstances, the necessity to take into account the strategic interests and fundamental values of the nations involved in the war, led to a change in perception of the image of the Pole. The image of a Pole as a disloyal person to Russian statehood had changed into the image of a true confederate in the mutual striving with the enemy. Perception of the Poles as partners in state-building and international cohabitation became possible only due to global geopolitical changes, the policy of powerful nations, including the Polish territory and the ability of Polish political powers to consolidate their efforts around the idea of statehood restoration.
The purpose of the research is to find out the transformations in the Polish educational and theatrical and artistic activity in Ukraine in the conditions of changing forms of Ukrainian statehood, ideological systems and social transformations in 1917-1921. The methodology of the research is based on the application of the principles of historicism, systematic, social approach. In order to accomplish these tasks using historical, systemic, structural and functional methods, the article describes the main stages of the development of Polish schooling, analyzes the activities of Polish public organizations of educational and cultural and artistic orientation, and clarifies the significance and impact of Polish theater on public life. The scientific novelty of the research is to find out the influence of different forms of Ukrainian statehood, change of ideological systems and social transformations during the period of national liberation struggle of 1917 -1921 on the development of Polish education and cultural and artistic life in Ukraine. Conclusions. After the Russian revolution of February and the creation of the Ukrainian state authorities in 1917, an active process of building Polish national life in Ukraine began. In the spring of 1917, the Polish representative institutions were established, and the cooperation of the Polish democratic forces with the Ukrainian authorities began. Thanks to a favorable UCR policy aimed at securing the rights of national minorities and introducing national-cultural autonomy, a process of mass creation of Polish elementary and secondary schools was underway, and a number of Polish educational organizations ІНТЕРМАРУМ: історія, політика, культура. -Вип. 6. ISSN 2518-7694 (Print) ISSN 2518-7708 (Online) 50 emerged throughout Ukraine. The implementation of the policy of ensuring the equal rights of the entire population in the Ukrainian State by P. Skoropadsky has led to the abolition of national and personal autonomy. However, this period remained favorable for the development of Polish education and culture, as it provided political stability and the opportunity for the development of Polish socio-political and cultural life. The Bolsheviks' assertion of power in 1919 in Ukraine as a result of the struggle of different political forces and ideological systems cemented the class priority of social development and denied the possibility of continuing Polish educational and cultural activities because of the harassment of Polish public figures, which caused them to leave Poland. The remaining centers of Polish education and culture continued to operate within the Soviet system.
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