Increased arterial stiffness has been associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an innovative and affordable measurement of arterial stiffness which may be an accessible tool to estimate mortality risk; however, no meta-analysis has estimated its predictive performance for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Moreover, reference values for PWV have only been established by consensus for healthy populations. The aim of this review was to estimate PWV and especially carotid femoral PWV performance predicting cardiovascular and all-cause mortality as well as comparing the resulting cfPWV thresholds with already established values in order to increase its validity. Original studies measuring PWV thresholds and its association with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were systematically searched. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute pooled estimates of diagnostic odds ratio (dOR), and overall test performances were summarized in hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves (HSROC). Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled dOR values for the predictive performance of cfPWV were 11.23 (95 % CI, 7.29–1.29) for cardiovascular mortality and 6.52 (95% CI, 4.03–10.55) for all-cause mortality. The area under the HSROC curve for cfPWV was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.69–0.81) for cardiovascular mortality and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.74–0.83) for all-cause mortality, where the closest cut-off point to the summary point was 10.7 and 11.5, respectively. This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that cfPWV is a useful and accurate cardiovascular mortality predictor and that its previously estimated reference values for estimating risk may be used in high-risk populations.

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To estimate the effect of eHealth interventions on increasing physical activity (PA) in healthy adults over 55 years, a systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. MEDLINE, Cochrane, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases were searched, from inception to February 2020, for experimental studies reporting the effect of eHealth interventions on steps/day, daily moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA min/day), PA min/week, and MVPA min/week among adults over 55 years. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute a pooled effect size (ES) estimate and the respective 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Eighteen studies were included in this meta‐analysis with adults whose age ranged from 58 to 74.2 years. The interventions lasted between four and 52 weeks. The ES estimates of eHealth interventions on increasing PA were 0.59 (95% CI: 0.15‐1.02) for steps/day, 0.49 (95% CI: 0.17‐0.80) for daily MVPA, 0.13 (95% CI: 0.01‐0.24) for total weekly PA and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.13‐0.48) for weekly MVPA. Considering clinical improvements, the mean change difference estimates were an increase of 1616.28 steps/day (95% CI: 386.25‐2846.31), 7.41 minutes of daily MVPA (95% CI: 3.24‐11.57), 40.54 minutes of total weekly PA (95% CI: −8.71 to 89.79) and 56.35 minutes of weekly MVPA (95% CI: 17.43‐95.27). In conclusion, eHealth interventions are effective in increasing PA levels among adults over 55 years, resulting in increased steps/day, MVPA min/day, PA min/week and MVPA min/week.

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