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ABSTRACT. Oregano additives could contain growth stimulating compounds for poultry, however, a great variation attributed to their main components is observed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of oregano oil dietary supplementation on the productive variables, the height of the intestinal villi and the accumulation of antioxidant compounds in the breast of broilers. In total, 480 broilers were reared from 1 to 42 d of age and since the first day of life were allocated into four treatments, each with four replications of 30 birds. The formulated diet was based on corn and soybean meal and 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg of oregano oil per kg of feed were incorporated in the diets of treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and mortality rates were weekly recorded. At 21 and 42 days of age the intestinal villi height and antioxidant capacity in the chicken breast were measured. Oregano oil used contained 43.17% and 29.16% of thymol and carvacrol, respectively. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion rate and mortality were not affected by oregano oil dietary supplementation. The height of intestinal villi increased with the level of oregano oil supplementation (P<0.05). However, the size of the intestinal villi was greater in the duodenum compared to the other parts (P<0.05), and jejunum and ileum had the same height. Antioxidant capacity of chicken breast at the 6th week was increased in the group that was dietary supplemented with 400 mg of oregano oil per kg of feed.

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Effect of oregano oil supplementation in diets formed using either crude soybean oil or acidulated soybean oil soapstock as source of energy on the growth performance parameters of broilers Efecto de la suplementación con aceite de orégano en la dieta utilizando aceite de soya crudo o aceite de soya acidulado como fuente de energía sobre los parámetros productivos de crecimiento del pollo de engorda ABSTRACT. The type of oil used in the broiler diet is mainly based on its price; in the case of soybean oil (CSO), acidulated soybean oil soapstock (ASS) is cheaper. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oregano oil dietary supplementation when the diet contains either CSO or ASS as source of energy. 320 broilers Ross 308 were assigned to four groups: (1) CSO containing diet without oregano supplementation, (2) ASS containing diet without oregano supplementation, (3) CSO containing diet with oregano supplementation (100 mg/kg), and (4) ASS containing diet with oregano supplementation (100 mg/kg). The growth performance parameters were weekly recorded during the experiment. Data were analysed with a completely randomised design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and the mortality rates were adjusted using the arc-sine transformation to fulfill the analysis requirements. The results showed no effect of oregano oil (containing 30.7 and 9.7 % of thymol and carvacrol, respectively) on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion rate. A significant interaction of energy source by oregano oil supplementation was found in mortality rates (P < 0.05); mortality was higher when the diet did not contain oregano oil and was formed using ASS. It can be concluded that the addition of 100 mg of oregano oil per kg of feed did not have a positive effect on the growth performance parameters of broilers when the diet contained either crude soybean oil or acidulated soybean oil soapstock as sources of energy.Key words: acidulated soybean oil soapstock, oregano oil, broiler, growth performance. RESUMEN.El tipo de aceite utilizado en la alimentación de los pollos de engorda se basa principalmente en su precio; en el caso del aceite de soya crudo (CSO) el aceite acidificado de soya (ASS) es más económico. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del aceite de orégano adicionado en la dieta cuando contiene CSO o ASS como fuente de energía. 320 pollos de engorda Ross fueron asignados a cuatro grupos: (1) CSO dieta sin adición de aceite de orégano, (2) ASS dieta sin adición de aceite de orégano, (3) CSO dieta adicionada con aceite de orégano (100 mg/kg), y (4) ASS dieta adicionada con aceite de orégano (100 mg/kg). Se registraron los parámetros de rendimiento productivo y los datos fueron analizados con un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 × 2 y los índices de mortalidad fueron ajustados utilizando la transformación arco-seno para cumpliar las bases para su análisis. Los resultados no mostraron efecto del aceite de orégano (su contenido 30,7% y 9,7% de timol y carvacrol, respectivamente) en consumo d...

This study’s objective was to evaluate the effect of the fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on Salmonella typhimurium (ST) to turkey poults using two models of infection. In the prophylactic model, one-day-old turkeys were randomly allocated to one of four different groups (n = 30 turkeys/group): (1) Control group, (2) FSBM group, (3) Control group challenged with ST (Control + ST), and (4) FSBM group challenged with ST (FSBM + ST). On day 9 of age, all poults were orally challenged with 106 colony forming units (CFU) ST and 24 h post-inoculation, intestinal samples were collected to determine ST recovery and morphometric analysis. Blood samples were collected to evaluate serum fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d). In the therapeutic model, a similar experimental design was used, but turkeys were orally gavaged 104 CFU ST on day 1, and samples were collected at day 7. FSBM improved performance and reduced leaky gut in both experimental infective models. In the prophylactic model, FSBB induced morphology changes in the mucosa. Although the strains (Lactobacillus salivarius and Bacillus licheniformis) used for the fermentation process showed in vitro activity against ST, no significant effect was observed in vivo. The fermentation with different beneficial bacteria and different inclusion rates of FSBM requires further investigation.

RESUMENEl objetivo fue medir los niveles de minerales en hígado y en sangre de ovinos alimentados con altos niveles de pollinaza. Se consideraron dos grupos experimentales, un grupo tratado (vientres ovinos que consumieron pollinaza por al menos tres años) y un grupo testigo (corderos en engorda que no consumieron pollinaza). Se sacrificaron al azar seis animales de cada grupo (n=6), previo al sacrificio se colectaron las muestras sanguíneas, y posteriormente se tomaron muestras de tejido hepático. Los minerales analizados fueron cobre (Cu), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn). En el grupo tratado, las concentraciones en hígado de Cu, Fe y Zn fueron de 176.23, 9.58, y 72.63 mg/L, respectivamente; mientras que en el grupo testigo fueron de 85.35, 13.41 y 112.0 mg/L, respectivamente. Las determinaciones de Cu del grupo tratado fueron superiores tanto en hígado como sangre (p<0.05). Sin embargo, a pesar del tiempo de exposición al consumo de pollinaza, los animales no presentaron signos de intoxicación por cobre, lo que pudo estar condicionado por la baja concentración del mineral en las excretas avícolas.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the day and the time of sample collection of an experimental challenge with Eimeria maxima (EM) and Eimeria acervulina (EA) in broiler chickens. Oneday old male Cobb-Vantress broiler chickens were randomly allocated to one of three groups with ten replicates (n=8 chickens/replicate). Chickens were placed in battery cages with a controlled ageappropriate environment: Group 1) Negative control (no challenge or treatment); 2) Challenge control (Eimeria challenge only); 3) Challenge + Salinomycin. Challenged chickens were orally gavaged with the mixed culture of EM/EA (10,000 sporulated EM containing 4% wild-type EA) at 14 days of age. Performance parameters were recorded at days 7, 14, 20, and 23. Lesions scores were recorded post-mortem on days 20 and 23. Oocyst per gram (OPG) was performed on days six, seven, and eight post-challenge, and samples were collected at 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM on each day, respectively. Oocyst counts were significantly different (P < 0.05) between morning and afternoon on day six post coccidia challenge. The results of this study show that the day and the time at which samples are collected can have a significant effect on the reliability and validity of data.

In compact and dense star-forming clouds a global star cluster wind could be suppressed. In this case the stellar feedback is unable to expel the leftover gas from the cluster. Young massive stars remain embedded into a dense residual gas and stir it moving in the gravitational well of the system. Here we present a self-consistent model for the molecular gas distribution in such young, enshrouded stellar clusters. It is assumed that the cloud collapse terminates and the star formation ceases when a balance between the turbulent pressure and gravity and between the turbulent energy dissipation and regeneration rates is established. These conditions result in an equation that determines the residual gas density distribution that, in turn, allows one to determine the other characteristics of the leftover gas and the star formation efficiency. It is shown that model predictions are in good agreement with several observationally determined properties of cloud D1 in nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxy NGC 5253 and its embedded cluster.