Iron toxicity is recognised as the most widely distributed nutritional disorder in lowland and irrigated rice, derived from the excessive amounts of ferrous ions generated by the reduction of iron oxides in flooded soils. Rice cultivars with variable degrees of tolerance to iron toxicity have been developed, and cultural practices such as water management and fertilisation can be used to reduce its negative impact. However, because of the complex nature of iron toxicity, few physiological data concerning tolerance mechanisms to excess iron in field conditions are available. To analyse the physiological responses of rice to iron excess in field conditions, two rice cultivars with distinct tolerance to iron toxicity [BR-IRGA 409 (susceptible) and IRGA 420 (tolerant)] were grown in two areas, with a well-established history of iron toxicity (in Camaquã , RS, Brazil) and without iron toxicity (in Cachoeirinha, RS, Brazil). Plants from the susceptible cultivar grown in the iron-toxic site showed lower levels of chlorophylls and soluble proteins (together with higher carbonyl levels) indicating photooxidative and oxidative damage. The toxic effects observed were because of the accumulation of high levels of iron and not because of any indirectly induced shoot deficiency of other nutrients. Higher activities of antioxidative enzymes were also observed in leaves of plants from the susceptible cultivar only in the irontoxic site, probably as a result of oxidative stress rather than because of specific involvement in a tolerance mechanism. There was no difference between cultivars in iron accumulation in the symplastic and apoplastic space of leaves, with both cultivars accumulating 85-90% of total leaf iron in the symplast. However, susceptible plants accumulated higher levels of iron in low-molecular-mass fractions than tolerant plants. The accumulation of iron in the low-molecular-mass fraction probably has a direct influence on iron toxicity, and the adaptive strategy of tolerant plants may rely on their capacity to buffer the iron amounts present in the low mass fraction, a new parameter to be considered when evaluating tolerance to iron excess in field-cultivated rice plants.
No abstract
No sistema pré-germinado de cultivo do arroz irrigado, adota-se o manejo de retirada da água da lavoura, aproximadamente aos três dias após a semeadura, objetivando melhor estabelecimento das plântulas. No entanto, esta prática acarreta perda de água e nutrientes, além da reinfestação com plantas daninhas. A permanência da lâmina de água na lavoura, durante todo o ciclo da cultura, seria uma proposta de manejo capaz de minimizar estes problemas. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de genótipos de arroz irrigado, quando submetidos ao cultivo em lâmina contínua, especialmente quanto ao acamamento de plantas, aspecto considerado limitante neste manejo de irrigação. Para tal, nos anos agrícolas de 2000/01 a 2002/03, foram conduzidos experimentos em área de várzea sistematizada, em solo classificado como Planossolo Hidromórfico eutrófico arênico. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 8, 12 e 15 genótipos no primeiro, segundo e terceiro ano, respectivamente. No ano 1, a produtividade média foi de 7279kg ha-1, sendo o genótipo IRGA 1572-11-1F-1-4-4 (8297kg ha-1) o mais produtivo em valores absolutos. A porcentagem de acamamento variou entre 0 e 60% e a maioria dos tratamentos situou-se entre 0-20%. Todos os genótipos exibiram acamamento de plantas, exceto El Paso L 144. No ano 2, a produtividade média foi de 8492kg ha-1 e o genótipo BRS-Pelota o mais produtivo (9282kg ha-1), não tendo sido verificado acamamento em nenhum dos genótipos. No ano 3, a produtividade média foi de 6202kg ha-1 e esteve relacionada à elevada porcentagem de plantas acamadas decorrente de intempéries climáticas, ocorridas na fase de maturação. Constatou-se que a produtividade dos genótipos pode ser elevada neste manejo de irrigação, mas o acamamento de plantas limita o potencial produtivo, dependendo das condições ambientais e do genótipo utilizado.
IRGA 431 CL is an early rice variety, and its main characteristic is the resistance to Imidazolinones herbicides. The variety stands out for its excellent plant architecture, strong stems, high yield potential, good grain quality, and resistance to blast and high levels of toxic iron in the soil. It is recommended for exploitation in the rice fields of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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