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The effect of 5% sodium hypochlorite and 35% hydrogen peroxide on dentine samples in vitro was investigated. It was demonstrated that both 5% NaOCl and 35% H2O2 depletes the dentine, which can be recorded as weight loss. Sodium hypochlorite removes approximately 14% of dry weight from dentine samples in 24 h; hydrogen peroxide is half as destructive. The hydraulic conductance (Lp) of dentine after treatment with NaOCl is increased over 100%. It is suggested that the use of high concentrations of sodium hypochlorite during root canal treatment may negatively affect the integrity of the root canal wall thereby allowing increased access of caustic bleaching fluids to cervical vital tissues.

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The antimicrobial effects of a saturated calcium hydroxide solution, and in combination with 10% and 20% detergent, were evaluated on Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Neisseria sp., diphtheroid, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. The saturated calcium hydroxide solution was effective against only four of the 11 microorganisms studied over a 60-min exposure time. The calcium hydroxide solutions containing detergent killed all 11 test organisms over a 30-min exposure time. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). No statistically significant difference in antimicrobial action was found between the 10% and 20% detergent calcium hydroxide solutions (P > 0.01). However, the low surface tension (46.5 x 10(-3) Nm-1) and high pH (10.8) of the calcium hydroxide solution with 20% detergent establish it as the more effective solution.

UHPLC-HRMS (Orbitrap) polyphenolic profiling was applied to the characterization, classification, and authentication of cranberry-based natural and pharmaceutical products. Fifty three polyphenolic standards were characterized to build a user-accurate mass database which was then proposed to obtain UHPLC-HRMS polyphenolic profiles by means of ExactFinder software. Principal component analysis results showed a good sample discrimination according to the fruit employed. Regarding cranberry-based pharmaceuticals, discrimination according to the presentation format (syrup, sachets, capsules, etc.) was also observed due to the enhancement of some polyphenols by purification and preconcentration procedures. Procyanidin A2 and homogentisic, sinapic, veratric, cryptochlorogenic, and caffeic acids showed to be important polyphenols to achieve cranberry-based products discrimination against the other studied fruits. Partial least-squares regression allowed the determination of adulterant percentages in cranberry-fruit samples. Very satisfactory results with adulteration quantification errors lower than 6.0% were obtained even at low adulteration levels.

27HPLC-UV was applied to the analysis and characterization of fruit-based and fruit-

The presence of residues of antibiotics, metabolites, and thermal transformation products (TPs), produced during thermal treatment to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in milk, could represent a risk for people. Cow's milk samples spiked with enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), difloxacin (DIF), and sarafloxacin (SAR) and milk samples from cows medicated with ENR were submitted to several thermal treatments. The milk samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to find and identify TPs and metabolites. In this work, 27 TPs of 4 quinolones and 24 metabolites of ENR were found. Some of these compounds had been reported previously, but others were characterized for the first time, including lactose-conjugated CIP, the formamidation reaction for CIP and SAR, and hydroxylation or ketone formation to produce three different isomers for all quinolones studied.