Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the United States and worldwide. Topical products are effective for treating cancerous skin lesions when surgery is not feasible. However, current topical products induce severe irritation, light-sensitivity, burning, scaling, and inflammation. Using hyaluronic acid (HA), we engineered clinically translatable polymer-drug conjugates of doxorubicin and camptothecin termed, DOxorubicin and Camptothecin Tailored at Optimal Ratios (DOCTOR) for topical treatment of skin cancers. When compared to the clinical standard, Efudex, DOCTOR exhibited high cancer-cell killing specificity with superior safety to healthy skin cells. In vivo studies confirmed its efficacy in treating cancerous lesions without irritation or systemic absorption. When tested on patient-derived primary cells and live-skin explants, DOCTOR killed the cancer with a selectivity as high as 21-fold over healthy skin tissue from the same donor. Collectively, DOCTOR provides a safe and potent option for treating skin cancer in the clinic.
The use of fluorinated contrast agents
in magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) facilitates improved image quality due to the negligible amount
of endogenous fluorine atoms in the body. In this work, we present
a comprehensive study of the influence of the amphiphilic polymer
structure and composition on its applicability as contrast agents
in 19F MRI. Three series of novel fluorine-containing poly(2-oxazoline)
copolymers and terpolymers, hydrophilic–fluorophilic, hydrophilic–lipophilic–fluorophilic,
and hydrophilic–thermoresponsive–fluorophilic, with
block and gradient distributions of the fluorinated units, were synthesized.
It was discovered that the CF3 in the 2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-2-oxazoline
(CF3EtOx) group activated the cationic chain end, leading
to faster copolymerization kinetics, whereby spontaneous monomer gradients
were formed with accelerated incorporation of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline
or 2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline with a gradual change to
the less-nucleophilic CF3EtOx monomer. The obtained amphiphilic
copolymers and terpolymers form spherical or wormlike micelles in
water, which was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), while small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed the core–shell
or core–double-shell morphologies of these nanoparticles. The
core and shell sizes obey the scaling laws for starlike micelles predicted
by the scaling theory. Biocompatibility studies confirm that all copolymers
obtained are noncytotoxic and, at the same time, exhibit high sensitivity
during in vitro 19F MRI studies. The gradient copolymers
provide the best 19F MRI signal-to-noise ratio in comparison
with the analogue block copolymer structures, making them most promising
as 19F MRI contrast agents.
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