Fungal aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and can directly and/or indirectly affect the atmospheric cloud formation process, which play an important role in global climate change and human health. In this study, we performed a comprehensive study on airborne fungi over the northern South China Sea (NSCS). Total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected during a cruise campaign in the NSCS, and fungal community structure was obtained via high‐throughput sequencing method. The abundance of Ascomycota (AMC) was much higher than that of Basidiomycota (BMC) in the marine fungal aerosols over this region. We observed relatively high abundances of Nigrospora and Cladosporium, two genera belonging to AMC, in the near‐coast samples compared to those in the open‐ocean samples. Therefore, we proposed that they could be used as the potential terrestrial source indicators in this region. The richness of fungal diversity and composition of fungal community were found to be dependent on the distance to the Asian continental coast, suggesting the strong influence of terrestrial sources. Over the open ocean, terrestrial and marine contribution could significantly impact the diversity richness and community structure of the fungal aerosols. This study could improve the current understanding of fungal aerosols on their characteristics and influencing factors over the oceanic area.
The network of the Integrated background monitoring (IBMon) stations have operated in Russia for 40 years more. Many years ago the IBMon stations were the hallmark of the biosphere reserves (BR) in the USSR. Nowadays they are sometimes perceived as a rudiment of the USSR era, something antique, out of modern realities. This article describes the chronology of the development and functioning of the IBMon system in Russia, and also presents the scientific achievements obtained owing to the creation of this system. There were 16 IBMon stations created in 13 biosphere reserves of the USSR and Russia in total for 1978-1998, and after 1998 there are stations in 5 biosphere reserves only in Russia at present time: at Altaisky BR, Astrakhanskiy BR, Voronezhskiy BR, Kavkazskiy BR and Prioksko-Terrasnyi BR. The paper provides monitoring data on pollutant concentrations in the air, atmospheric precipitation, surface waters, soils and plants in the biosphere reserves, where the IBMon stations operate. The discussion is devoted to topics on reasons and goals of the IBMon station network creation in the USSR, what kind of scientific role they had played and why this activity direction is relevant today and should be developed in modern Russia.
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