Grass turtle (Chinemys reevesii) is an aquatic animal species of the Geoemydidae family, which is found in many countries, particularly in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea (Dai et al., 2012). At present, research studies are focused on the practical utilization of various aquatic animal species products and their by-products (Zou et al., 2017). Tortoises and turtles have long been used for foods and medicines in the East and Southeast Asia, while China is the largest consumer country in the world. The soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) is a commercially important and delicious aquatic species due to their higher nutritional value and medicinal benefits, where they can be used for anticancer, antioxidation, and reduces blood pressure. The global production of soft-shelled turtles is estimated to be 355,000

Soybean protein hydrolysates were prepared using two proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase and Protamex) and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and their functional and antioxidant properties were evaluated. The highest DH value was 20%, with a yield of 19.77% and protein content of 51.64%. The total amino acid content was more than 41% for all protein hydrolysates. The protein hydrolysates from Protamex at pH 2.0 had excellent solubility, emulsifying activity, and foaming capacity, at 83.83%, 95.03 m2/g, and 93.84%, respectively. The water-holding capacity was 4.52 g/g for Alcalase, and the oil-holding capacity was 4.91 g/g for Protamex. The antioxidant activity (62.07%), as measured by the samples’ reaction with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the reducing power (0.27) were the strongest for Protamex. An ABTS activity rate of 70.21% was recorded for Alcalase. These findings indicated a strong potential for the utilization of soybean protein hydrolysates to improve the functional properties and antioxidant activity of soybeans as well as their nutritional values.

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Research background. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are the biggest causes of death globally. Bioactive peptides derived from many food proteins using enzymatic proteolysis and food processing perform a positive impact on the prevention of these diseases. The bioactivity of grass turtle muscle proteins and their enzymatic hydrolysates has not received much attention, thus this study aims to investigate the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities of the enzymatic hydrolysates of grass turtle muscle protein. Experimental approach. Grass turtle muscle(s) was hydrolysed using four proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase (AH), Flavourzyme (FH), Trypsin (TH), and Bromelain (BH)). The degree of hydrolysis was measured. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was conducted to explore their amino acid profiles and molecular mass distribution of the hydrolysates. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using various in vitro tests, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Hydroxyl radical (•OH) radical scavenging activities, reducing capacity, chelating (Fe2+), and lipid peroxide inhibition activity. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated against α-amylase inhibition and α-Glucosidase inhibition assay. Besides, cytotoxic effect of hydrolysates on human colon cancer (HT-29) cells was assessed. Results and conclusions. The amino acid composition of the hydrolysates revealed that higher contents of glutamic, aspartic, lysine, hydroxyproline, and hydrophobic amino acids. AH showed significantly the highest inhibition of lipid peroxidation. FH showed the highest lipid peroxidation, strongest radical scavenging activity of DPPH (68.32 %), ABTS (74.12 %), FRAP (0.30 unit), α-glucosidase (61.80 %) and cytotoxic effect on cancer cells (82.26 %) at 550 µg/mL for HT-29 cell line. TH and BH were showed significant (p<0.05) hydroxyl radical activity (92.70 %) and Fe2+ metal chelating (63.29 %), respectively. The highest α-amylase (76.89 %) inhibition was recorded by BH and FH. Novelty and scientific contribution. Enzymatic grass turtle muscle(s) proteins hydrolysates achieved great antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic activity. The findings of this study indicated that the bioactive hydrolysates /peptides from grass turtle muscle(s) protein could be potential candidate as ingredients in pharmaceuticals and functional food formulations.

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Two experiments were conducted in the Nematology Laboratory of the Seed Pathology Centre and experimental field of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during 2004 to examine the influence of physical and chemical treatments on the seed borne nematode disease of rice. The integrated control with physical and chemical treatments against seed borne nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi) causing white tip disease of rice varieties BR11 and Nizersial (T. Aman) rice revealed that farmer's saved seeds of both the varieties treated simultaneously with brine solution, hot water and Furadan 3G resulted in enhanced plant height, root length, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, total number of spikelet's per panicle, grain yield and lower association of seed borne nematode. Better responses were found with farmer's saved seeds treated with brine solution and hot water than field application of Furadan 3G, hot water treatment and treatment with brine solution having higher plant growth characters and yield of grains correspondingly with lower number of sterile and discolored spikelet's and seed borne nematode compared to the control.