Bixin is one of the potential natural sensitizers used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this study, bixin was complexed with Cu(II) and Zn(II) to increase its stability. The formation of the complexes was indicated by shifting peaks absorption and the changes in the fine spectral structure observed from the UV-Vis absorption spectra. The metal-bixin complex occurs due to the interaction between the ester groups of bixin and the metal. Bixin, Cu-bixin, and Zn-bixin were used separately as sensitizers in DSSCs. The DSSCs performance was then improved by adding 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) to the electrolyte system. The presence of MPII 0.4 M in KI-I2 electrolyte produced a higher ionic conductivity value (20.44 mS cm–1) than that without MPII (11.14 mS cm–1). This electrolyte system significantly improved DSSCs performance. Under a light intensity of 300 W/m2, the maximum energy conversion efficiencies of DSSC with bixin, Cu-bixin, and Zn-bixin as sensitizers are 0.084, 0.081, and 0.005%, respectively. The Zn-bixin-based DSSC was stable under high light intensity. Under 700 W/m2, its maximum energy conversion efficiency reaches 0.125%. There was a synergistic work observed between the metal-bixin complex and the MPII based electrolyte. This result can open the way for constructing functional materials for solar cell applications.
Budgeting of production costs is very useful as a tool to find out and predict the costs of production process in order that any surplus or deficiency of the production components can be avoided. As a result, carrying out performance measurement for cost control becomes more simple and eventually the goal is achieved. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of the production cost budget as a means of controlling production costs. The data used in this research are gained from the interviews with relevant authorities and direct observation to record the budget and the realization of production costs in 2018 and 2019. Analysis of the difference in costs is conducted at PT Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia using qualitative methods. The results of the research is obtained by comparing the budgeted costs with costs realization. The control of production costs can be done optimally. However, the company does not have factory’s overhead costs budget that distinguishes between fixed overhead costs with variables. It is also found out that there are deviations in direct labor costs resulting from the increased spending due to the hiring of new employees. Key words : Production Cost Budget and Cost Control
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui jenis metabolit sekunder dan aktivitas antioksidan dari buah senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L.) dan ekstrak buah bit (Beta vulgaris L.). Ekstrak buah senggani dan buah bit diperoleh dengan cara maserasi. Pengujian antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas oleh 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Hasil penelitian berdasarkan pengujian skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak buah senggani dan buah bit memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder golongan alkaloid, flavonoid, dan tanin. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan pengujian antioksidan diperoleh berdasarkan nilai absorbansi dan nilai % inhibisi. Nilai % inhibisi tertinggi buah senggani dan buah bit diperoleh pada konsentrasi yang sama, yaitu 10 ppm sebesar 70,14% dan 55,87%. Nilai IC50 dari ekstrak buah senggani dan buah bit menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat yaitu sebesar 4,63 ppm dan 7,77 ppm. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak buah senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L.) dan buah bit (Beta vulgaris L.) berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dan mampu menghambat radikal bebas.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan kinerja sel surya yang menggunakan TiO2anatase dan TiO2-P25 sebagai anoda. Bixin digunakan sebagai sensitizer. Bixin diekstraksi dan diisolasi dari biji kesumba. Bixin dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan FTIR. Hasil analisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan adanya 3 puncak karakteristik bixin pada 488, 459, 430 nm. Spektra FTIR bixin ditandai dengan adanya serapan pada bilangan gelombang 3183 cm -1 mengindikasikan vibrasi renggang -OH yang berasal dari gugus karboksilat; pada 2955, 2924, dan 2852 cm -1 vibrasi renggang H-C-H; pada 1716 cm -1 vibrasi renggang C=O; pada 1608 cm -1 vibrasi tekuk O-H; pada 1563 dan 1518 cm -1 vibrasi renggang C=C (alkena); pada 1379 cm -1 vibrasi tekuk C-H; pada 1255 cm -1 vibrasi renggang C-O; pada 1161 cm -1 vibrasi simetri dan asimetri C-O-C (kelompok ester); serta pada 1012 cm -1 vibrasi renggang C-H. Kinerja sel surya yang menggunakan TiO2-antase menunjukkan efisiensi konversi energi maksimum yang lebih tinggi (0,027%) jika dibandingkan dengan TiO2-P25 (0,006%) di bawah intensitas cahaya 100 W/m 2 .
This research aims to describe the level of career maturity of learners at SMA Negeri 1 Cibeber high school. The approach to this research is through quantitative approaches through descriptive methods. The data collection in this study used career maturity instruments based on the theory of Sciarra D. T in the form of likert-scale questionnaires adapted from previous research. Sampling techniques in this study used proportional random sampling technique through the slovin formula, so that it could be sampled as many as 106 learners. The results showed that the level of career maturity of learners in SMA Negeri 1 Cibeber high school in the low category was as many as 17 learners with a percentage of 16%, in the moderate category as many as 69 learners with a percentage of 65%, and in the high category, as many as 20 learners with a percentage of 19%. Meanwhile, when viewed by gender, male learners in the low category had as many as 10 learners with a percentage of 9%, in the moderate category, as many as 31 learners with a percentage of 29%, and in the high categories, as many as 6 learners with a percentage of 6%. While female learners in the low category as many as 7 learners with a percentage of 7%, in the moderate category as many as 38 learners with a percentage of 36%, and in the high category as many as 14 learners with a percentage of 13%. Based on the overall data, students of SMA Negeri 1 Cibeber high school have a picture of career maturity in the moderate category, meaning that the career maturity of learners is at a fairly good stage. Learners are able to plan, explore, and are able to make career decisions. Keywords: : Career Maturity, High School Students
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