Highlights d Ab induces metabolic reprogramming of microglia from OXPHOS to glycolysis d Metabolic reprogramming of microglia is dependent on the mTOR-HIF-1a pathway d Chronic exposure to Ab induces metabolic defects of microglia d Metabolic boosting with IFN-g restores immunological function of microglia

No abstract

BACKGROUND To determine whether or not a moderate genetic defect of homocysteine metabolism is associated with the development of coronary artery disease, we studied the prevalence of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, which is probably the most common genetic defect of homocysteine metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred thirty-nine subjects who underwent coronary angiography were classified into three groups: (1) patients with severe coronary artery stenosis (> or = 70% occlusion in one or more coronary arteries or > or = 50% occlusion in the left main coronary artery), (2) patients with mild to moderate coronary artery stenosis (< 70% occlusion in one or more coronary arteries or < 50% occlusion in the left main coronary artery), and (3) patients with non-coronary heart disease or noncardiac chest pain (nonstenotic coronary arteries). The thermolability of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was prospectively determined in all subjects. Plasma homocyst(e)ine levels were then measured in those with thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease were thereafter ascertained by chart review of all subjects. The prevalence of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was 18.1% in group 1, 13.4% in group 2, and 7.9% in group 3. There was a significant difference between the prevalence of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in groups 1 and 3 (P < .04). All individuals with thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase irrespective of their clinical grouping had higher plasma homocyst(e)ine levels than normal (group 1, 14.86 +/- 5.85; group 2, 15.36 +/- 5.70; group 3, 13.39 +/- 3.80; normal, 8.50 +/- 2.8 nmol/mL). Nonetheless, there was no statistically significant difference in the plasma homocyst(e)ine concentrations of these patients with or without coronary artery stenosis. Using discriminant function analysis, thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was predictive of angiographically proven coronary artery stenosis. The traditional risk factors--age, sex, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension--were not significantly associated with the presence of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. CONCLUSIONS Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and is unrelated to other risk factors.

A micromethod adapted for automated determinations was used to measure basal plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine [H(e)J. These levels included the sum of free and bound forms of homocysteine, its disulfide oxidation product, homocystine, and the homocysteine-cysteinemixed disulfide. Two groups of subjects were studied: apparently healthy individuals (n = 103) and patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) (n= 47). Because age in PAOD patients was higher than in control subjects, the control subjects were subdivided into younger and older groups (aged 60 years or less and more than 60 years, respectively). The H(e) levels in the younger groups were 11.18±3.58 (mean+SD, expressed as homocysteine) and 8.58 +2.82 nmol/ml in men and women, respectively; in the older groups, the levels were 10.74±2.16 and 9.04+2.16 nmol/ml in men and women, respectively. There was a positive correlation of H(e) levels with age in the younger control women (r=0.373; p <0.02); no significant correlations were present in the other three control groups. Levels of H(e) in PAOD patients (15.44±5.76 and 17.04±8.26 nmol/ml in men and women, respectively) were significantly higher than those indicated above in the older controls. Next, the PAOD patients were assigned to two subgroups: 1) those with normal levels of H(e) (within two standard deviations of the mean of the control values) and 2) those with elevated levels of H(e). Age, cholesterolemia, and the prevalence of smoking and diabetes were similar in both subgroups. These results suggest that elevated plasma H(e) is an independent risk factor for arterial occlusive disease. (Circulation 1989;79:1180-1188

No abstract

Our results suggest that patient age, initial tear size, and fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus are independent risk factors for a rotator cuff retear, whereas the completeness of rotator cuff repair based on the extent of footprint coverage and repair technique are not.

Pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include extracellularly accumulated amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Activated microglia, brain-resident macrophages, are also found surrounding Aβ plaques. The study of the brain of AD mouse models revealed that Aβ plaque formation is completed by the consolidation of newly generated plaque clusters in vicinity of existed plaques. However, the dynamics of Aβ plaque formation, growth and the mechanisms by which microglia contribute to Aβ plaque formation are unknown. In the present study, we confirmed how microglia are involved in Aβ plaque formation and their growth in the brain of 5XFAD mice, the Aβ-overexpressing AD transgenic mouse model, and performed serial intravital two-photon microscopy (TPM) imaging of the brains of 5XFAD mice crossed with macrophage/microglia-specific GFP-expressing CX3CR1 mice. We found that activated microglia surrounding Aβ plaques take up Aβ, which are clusters developed inside activated microglia in vivo and this was followed by microglial cell death. These dying microglia release the accumulated Aβ into the extracellular space, which contributes to Aβ plaque growth. This process was confirmed by live TPM in vivo imaging and flow cytometry. These results suggest that activated microglia can contribute to formation and growth of Aβ plaques by causing microglial cell death in the brain. GLIA 2016;64:2274-2290.

No abstract