Power-togas and power-to-liquid enable large scale integration of renewables. Power-togas and power-to-liquid allow decarbonizing diverse CO 2-emitting sectors. Scenarios pertaining to the impact of carbon policy and fossil prices investigated.
In this study, we show that climate change mitigation does not necessarily have to come at the cost of employment. The deployment of BECCS by 2030 and the replacement of 50% of aging coal plants with natural gas allow achieving emission reductions consistent with 2 C stabilization pathways in the coal sector by 2050. This strategy addresses the concerns surrounding coal workers' employment by phasing out coal gradually, retaining 40,000 jobs, and creating 22,000 additional jobs by mid-century.
Significant amounts of biomass residues were generated in Indonesia. While untreated, residues emit greenhouse gases during the decomposition process. On the other hand, if efficiently utilized, these residues could be used to produce value-added products. This study investigates opportunities for harnessing the full potential of palm oil residues (i.e., empty fruit bunches, kernel shells, fiber, and mill effluent). As far as we are aware, the study is the first attempt to model the palm oil supply chain in a geographically explicit way while considering regional infrastructures in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. The BeWhere model, a mixed integer linear programming model for energy system optimization, was used to assess the costs and benefits of optimizing the regional palm oil supply chain. Different scenarios were investigated, considering current policies and new practices leading to improved yields in small-scale plantations and power grid connectivity. The study shows that a more efficient palm oil supply chain can pave the way for the country to meet up to 50% of its national bioenergy targets by 2025, and emission reductions of up to 40 MtCO 2 eq/year. As much as 50% of the electricity demand in Sumatra could be met if residues are efficiently used and grid connections are available. We recommend that system improvements be done in stages. In the short to medium term, improving the smallholder plantation yield is the most optimal way to maximize regional economic gains from the palm oil industry. In the medium to long term, improving electricity grid connection to palm oil mills could bring higher economic value as excess electricity is commercialized.
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