IntroductionThe decline of malaria and scale-up of rapid diagnostic tests calls for a revision of IMCI. A new algorithm (ALMANACH) running on mobile technology was developed based on the latest evidence. The objective was to ensure that ALMANACH was safe, while keeping a low rate of antibiotic prescription.MethodsConsecutive children aged 2–59 months with acute illness were managed using ALMANACH (2 intervention facilities), or standard practice (2 control facilities) in Tanzania. Primary outcomes were proportion of children cured at day 7 and who received antibiotics on day 0.Results130/842 (15∙4%) in ALMANACH and 241/623 (38∙7%) in control arm were diagnosed with an infection in need for antibiotic, while 3∙8% and 9∙6% had malaria. 815/838 (97∙3%;96∙1–98.4%) were cured at D7 using ALMANACH versus 573/623 (92∙0%;89∙8–94∙1%) using standard practice (p<0∙001). Of 23 children not cured at D7 using ALMANACH, 44% had skin problems, 30% pneumonia, 26% upper respiratory infection and 13% likely viral infection at D0. Secondary hospitalization occurred for one child using ALMANACH and one who eventually died using standard practice. At D0, antibiotics were prescribed to 15∙4% (12∙9–17∙9%) using ALMANACH versus 84∙3% (81∙4–87∙1%) using standard practice (p<0∙001). 2∙3% (1∙3–3.3) versus 3∙2% (1∙8–4∙6%) received an antibiotic secondarily.ConclusionManagement of children using ALMANACH improve clinical outcome and reduce antibiotic prescription by 80%. This was achieved through more accurate diagnoses and hence better identification of children in need of antibiotic treatment or not. The building on mobile technology allows easy access and rapid update of the decision chart.Trial RegistrationPan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR201011000262218

It is feasible to automatically illustrate discharge instructions and provide them to patients in a timely manner without interfering with clinical work. Illustrations in discharge instructions were found to improve patients' short-term recall of discharge instructions and delayed satisfaction (1-week post hospitalization) with the instructions. Therefore, it is likely that patients' understanding of and interaction with their discharge instructions is improved by the addition of illustrations.

Objective Information technology supporting patient self-management has the potential to foster shared accountability for healthcare outcomes by improving patient adherence. There is growing interest in providing alerts and reminders to patients to improve healthcare self-management. This paper describes a literature review of automated alerts and reminders directed to patients, the technology used, and their efficacy. Methods An electronic literature search was conducted in PubMed to identify relevant studies. The search produced 2418 abstracts; 175 articles underwent full-text review, of which 124 were rejected. 51 publications were included in the final analysis and coding. Results The articles are partitioned into alerts and reminders. A summary of the analysis for the 51 included articles is provided. Conclusion Reminders and alerts are advantageous in many ways; they can be used to reach patients outside of regular clinic settings, be personalized, and there is a minimal age barrier in the efficacy of automated reminders sent to patients. As technologies and patients’ proficiencies evolve, the use and dissemination of patient reminders and alerts will also change. Practice Implications Automated technology may reliably assist patients to adhere to their health regimen, increase attendance rates, supplement discharge instructions, decrease readmission rates, and potentially reduce clinic costs.

In Tanzania, significant effort has been made to reduce under-5 mortality rates, and has been somewhat successful in recent years. Many factors have contributed to this, such as using standard treatment protocols for sick children. Using mobile technology has become increasingly popular in health care delivery. This study examines whether the use of mobile technology can leverage a standardized treatment protocol to improve the impact of counseling for children’s caretakers and result in better understanding of what needs to be done at home after the clinical visit. A randomized cluster design was utilized in clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Children were treated using either test electronic protocols (eIMCI) or control paper (pIMCI) protocols. Providers using the eIMCI protocol were shown to counsel the mother significantly more frequently than providers using the pIMCI protocol. Caretakers receiving care by providers using the eIMCI protocol recalled significantly more problems and advice when to return and medications than those receiving care by providers using the pIMCI protocol. There was no significant difference among caretakers regarding the frequency and duration to administer medications. This study indicates the use of mobile technology as an important aide in increasing the delivery and recall of counseling messages.