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Heteroatoms of Al and Ti are effectively introduced into the framework of ordered mesoporous silica materials (designated as MAS-7 and MTS-9, respectively) in strong acidic media (pH < 0) by a two-step procedure. MAS-7 shows high catalytic activities for the cracking of both small (cumene) and bulky (1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene) molecules because it combines the advantages of both zeolites (strong acidity) and mesoporous materials (large pores). In contrast, Al-SBA-15 samples prepared from both "post-synthesis" and "direct synthesis" present much lower catalytic activities than MAS-7. Furthermore, MTS-9 exhibits very high catalytic activity in phenol hydroxylation by H 2 O 2 , giving the phenol conversion of 26%, comparable to TS-1.

Scaffolds are needed that can act as temporary templates for bone regeneration and actively stimulate vascularized bone growth so that bone grafting is no longer necessary. To achieve this, the scaffold must have a suitable interconnected pore network and be made of an osteogenic material. Bioactive glass is an ideal material because it rapidly bonds to bone and degrades over time, releasing soluble silica and calcium ions that are thought to stimulate osteoprogenitor cells. Melt-derived bioactive glasses, such as the original Bioglass composition, are available commercially, but porous scaffolds have been difficult to produce because Bioglass and similar compositions crystallize on sintering. Sol-gel foam scaffolds have been developed that avoid this problem. They have a hierarchical pore structure comprising interconnected macropores, with interconnect diameters in excess of the 100 microm that is thought to be needed for vascularized bone ingrowth, and an inherent nanoporosity of interconnected mesopores (2-50 nm) which is beneficial for the attachment of osteoprogenitor cells. They also have a compressive strength in the range of cancellous bone. This paper describes the optimized sol-gel foaming process and illustrates the importance of optimizing the hierarchical structure from the atomic through nano, to the macro scale with respect to biological response.

Aqueous phase catalytic upgrading of phenolic monomers to hydrocarbons have been explored using Pd/C combined with HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in the presence of H 2. 2-Methoxyl-4-allylphenol (eugenol), which consists of methyl ether bond, hydroxyl group, aromatic ring and propyl olefin bond, was chosen as a classic lignin model compound. This research focuses on the relationship between the acidity of zeolites and the deoxygenation activities basis on the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of eugenol. The results indicated that the decrease of Si/Al ratio resulted in the increase of the acidity of the zeolites, which significantly influenced their catalytic performance for product distributions. Over the HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 12.5) catalyst, the 2-methoxyl-4-propylphenol conversion of 86.5% and the hydrocarbon selectivity of 73.4% were obtained with the HDO of eugenol under 513 K and 5 MPa hydrogen pressure. Owing to the lower selectivity of hydrocarbon with HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 50) as acidic catalyst, the pore treatment was used to enlarge the outer surface of zeolite. After modified by alkali-treatment, much more acid active sites were provided for feasible accessibility of oxygenated reactants. The selectivity of hydrocarbons was improved by the alkaline treatment of HZSM-5 zeolite with 0.3 mol L −1 sodium hydroxide solution.

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