Marine and freshwater aquaculture in Turkey have grown substantially. The first trout farm was established in the 1960s and the first marine cage farm for sea bream and sea bass in 1985. From the beginning of the 1970s to 1999 the number of licensed fish farms increased from two to 1,444. Since 1995, the number of cage farms has grown to 57 and production reached 4,100 tons in 1999. Total aquaculture production grew from 3,075 tons in 1986 to 63,000 tons in 1999. Production is dominated by inland production, mainly of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which supplies 60% of the total. From 1995 to 1999, marine production increased from 8,494 tons to 25,230 tons. The major contributors are sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Because of the rel- atively high temperatures in the Black Sea, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), cultured from the late 1980s to 1997, is no longer grown; only rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in floating net cages is produced. Because of the growing demand caused by increased population and export, aquaculture pro- duction and consumption in Turkey are expected to grow. New fish and shellfish species, mainly marine, are being developed. The bureaucracy involved in licensing fish farms, especially in marine environments, is complicated, time-consuming, and suffers from a lack of technical knowl- edge and insufficient exchange of know-how and cooperation concerning new developments. * Corresponding author. Present address: Istanbul Universitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 34470 Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey; e-mail: mdevrim@istanbul.edu.tr
Stress parameter changes (cortisol, glucose, sodium and chloride) and histological alterations (gills, liver, kidney, and spleen) in Asian Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) in transport were investigated. In this study, three separated trials were fulfilled. These were without tricaine, 40 and 60 mg L-1 of tricaine, respectively. Each trial consisted of 4 stages, control (C), transfer (AT), transport (TP) and recovery (24 h). After each stage, blood samples were taken and then, gills, liver, kidney, and spleen samples were collected for histological examination. In the transport without tricaine, the fish glucose increased from 50-60 mg dL-1 to 70-80 mg dL-1 and cortisol increased from 30 ng dL-1 to 90 ng dL-1 in. Sodium was 127-132 meq L-1 in the AT and TP, while 138 meq L-1 in the C and recovery. Cloride changed 103 meq L-1 in the TP, while approximately 107 meq L-1 in C, AT and recovery in the transport without tricaine. In the second trial, the fish glucose increased from 50-65 mg dL-1 to 80-90 mg dL-1 cortisol decreased from 60-70 ng dL-1 to 35-45 ng dL-1 in the transport with 40 mg L-1 of tricaine. Sodium was 130-140 meq L-1 in the C and recovery, while 125 meq L-1 in the AT and TP. Chloride was about 110 meq L-1 in the C, AT and recovery, while 102 meq L-1 in the TP in the transport with 40 mg L-1 of tricaine. In the third trial, the fish glucose was 40-55 mg dL-1 in the C, AT and TP, while 25-30 mg dL-1 in the recovery. Cortisol was 35-40 ng dL-1 in the C and AT, while 25 ng dL-1 in the TP and recovery. Sodium was 126-128 meq L-1 in the C, AT and recovery, while about 119-122 meq L-1 in the TP. Chloride was 110 meq L-1 in the C, AT and recovery, while 104-106 meq L-1 in the TP in the transport with 60 mg L-1 of tricaine. The end of the experiment, it is realized that the usage of the tricaine had positive effects on Asian catfish transport.
The present experiment was designed to determine the effects of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) as an anaesthetic on goldfish Carassius auratus at five different salinities and MS-222 concentrations. Goldfish (230±25 mg and 24.07±5.59 mm) were exposed to 150, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg l -1 MS-222 concentrations at 0, 8, 12, 14, and 16 ppt of salinities. Even though, a lot of literature exist about the anesthetic usage on foodfish species, not much information seems to be available on ornamental fish aquaculture. Five tricaine methanesulfonate concentrations for each salinity were used to anesthetize goldfish and recorded their induction and recovery times. The necessary time to make anesthesia on fish relied on concentration intensity and salinity. When exposed to any of the concentrations, fish achieved a deep state of anesthesia (range of induction time 0.13 and 8.90 min). It is recommended that ideal concentration of MS-222 was 200 mg l -1 at 12 ppt to reduce fish mortality and stress. Anahtar Kelime: Carassius auratus, Japon balığı, tuzluluk, tricaine metansülfonat.
Öz: Günümüzde su ve çevre evsel, tarımsal ve endüstriyel faaliyetler ile hızlı bir şekilde kirlenmektedir. Bu kirliliğin içinde ağır metal kirliliği oldukça önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Suyun, toprağın ve atmosferin ağır metallerle kirlenmesi sonucu, doğal ortamlarında yaşayan veya yetiştiriciliği yapılan su ürünleri ağır metallerle kontamine olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, su ürünleri, ağır metal zehirlenmesine karşı kendini korumak için metallotionein olarak isimlendirilen korucu bir protein oluşturmaktadırlar. Metallotioneinler su ürünlerinden kahverengi alabalıklarda, tatlısu midyelerinde, yengeçlerinde ve beyaz karideslerde başarılı şekilde kirlilik indikatörü olarak kullanılmaktadır. Metallotionein tanımına ve özelliklerine ve ayrıca sucul canlılarda ağır metal indikatörü olarak metallotioneinlerin kullanıldığı araştırmalara bu derlemede yer verilmiştir.
In this study, electric yellow cichlid were (Labidochromis caeruleus) exposed to acute cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 50, 60, 70, 80 mg l-1) for 72 h, and chronic Cd concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 mg l-1) for 20 d to examine histological alternation. In addition to the recovery was detected after 10 d. After chronic trial, rest of the fish were exposed to just water not containing cadmium for 10 day for recovery. Gills, liver, muscle, and spleen samples were collected from randomly selected fish. The tissue samples prepared with standard techniques for haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Cadmium depending on concentrations increase caused severe disorders on fish. After acute exposure, several changes were detected such as edema, hyperplasia, breakdown in epithelial tissues of gills; vacuolation and necrosis in liver; increase of hemosterin clustering and necrosis in spleen. After chronic exposure, some symptoms were also found such as edema, aneurysm, degermation of secondary lamellae in gills; degeneration and necrosis in liver; degeneration and granulomas in spleen. Additionally, after recovery of chronic Cd exposure some of the same symptoms were observed such as edema, hyperplasia and aneurysm in gills; vacuolar degeneration and necrosis in liver; granulomas and degeneration in spleen.
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