Prolific shoot regeneration via organogenesis was induced from leaf and leaf petiole explants of the endemic Astragalus cariensis species on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA) within 8 week. The highest number of shoots (23/explants) was obtained from leaf explants cultured on MS with 0.5 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l BA. Elongated shoots were successfully rooted in MS medium with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing 1:1 mixture of peat and perlite.
Despite its evidenced beneficial herbicidal, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant effects, the application of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4,-naphthoquinone) is limited due to its low water solubility and allelopathic and toxic effects. In recent years, research has aimed to overcome these limitations by increasing its solubility and controlling its release through nanoparticular systems. This is the first study to have synthesised and characterised juglone-loaded polymeric nanoparticles and compared them with free juglone for cytotoxicity in mouse (L929 fibroblasts) and alfalfa cells and for mutagenic potential in Salmonella typhimurium TA98/100. Mouse and plant cells treated with free and nano-encapsulated juglone showed a decrease in cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner, but this effect was significantly lower with the nano-encapsulated form at lower doses. In the TA98 strain with S9, nano-encapsulated juglone did not exhibit mutagenic effects, unlike the free form. Since all results show that juglone encapsulation with polymeric nanoparticles reduced the toxic and mutagenic effects, it has a promising potential to be applied in medicine, food safety, and agriculture.
A callus induction and plant regeneration protocol was developed from leaf and petiole explants of the endemic Astragalus nezaketae. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with different plant growth regulators (PGRs) [α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), benzyladenine (BA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), kinetin (Kin), thidiazuron (TDZ)]. The combinations and concentrations of PGRs were shown significant variations for the frequency of callus formation, appearence of callus and the potential of callus differentiation. NAA x BA have been found highly affective in callusing and plant regeneration. Other PGRs have not resulted in callus differentiation for shoot formation. The highest number of shoots (6/explants) was obtained from leaf explants cultured on MS with 0.5 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l BA. The regenerated shoots transferred to rooting medium (MS with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid) were successfully rooted (100%) and showed rapid elongation. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing 1:1 mixture of peat and perlite.
Sphaerophysa kotschyana is a threatened endemic species in Turkey and according to the Bern Convention, it is on the absolute preservation plant list. In vitro propagation methodologies were evaluated as an ex situ conservation strategy for this species. Nodal segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with different cytokinins (benzyladenine, thidiazuron (TDZ) and zeatine), with or without auxin (α-naphthaleneacetic acid; NAA), to investigate shoot initiation. TDZ produced the highest number of shoots (11.0 shoots per explant) on MS medium at a concentration of 0.05 mg L–1. Rooting reached 100% when 0.5 mg L–1 NAA was combined with half strength MS and 1.5% sucrose and rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised. Somaclonal variation of a mother plant and 10 regenerants was assessed using ISSR analysis. The same banding profiles were exhibited by all plants. In vitro response to salinity stress (NaCl) was also investigated in this halophytic species. Higher concentrations of NaCl negatively affected shoot multiplication, whereas shoot height was enhanced at 50 mM NaCl. These results suggest that the established protocol is an efficient and reliable system of in vitro propagation for ex situ conservation of S. kotschyana.
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