Background The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic is overstressing health systems and Essential health services and vaccination services are disrupted. Immunization is a confirmed gizmo for governing and even eliminating communicable diseases. Objective This study aims to assess the challenge and status of immunization during COVID-19 and associated factors among children aged 10–23 months south Nation Nationality and People Region Ethiopia. Methods and Materials: community-based mixed quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional study was done in southwest Ethiopia. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. After that, the data were edited, coded, and move in into Epi info version 7.2 for data management then transported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. The analyzed data were presented by tables, graphs, figures, and text form. Results According to this study, the prevalence of incomplete immunization was found to be 809 (62.2%) with (95% CI: 59.5, 64.8). In multivariable analysis waiting time at a health facility (AOR=0.04, 95% CI 0.0001,0.004), education (AOR=5.08,95% CI2.31,11.14), place of delivery (AOR=2.34,95% CI 4.96,6.089), fearing of COVID-19 (AOR=3.62,95% CI 1.72,7.64) and do not understand the separation care of COVID-19 and other health services (AOR=2.85,95% CI1.38,5.9) were significantly associated factors. Conclusion The prevalence of incomplete immunization among children aged 10–23 months was very high in this study as compared to the other studies done in a different pocket of Ethiopia. Consecutively, reducing waiting time at a health facility, avoiding unnecessary fear of COVID-19, and promoting immunization in a different area of southwest Ethiopia along with health extension workers are recommended.

Background Newborn morbidity and mortality are forecasted using the Apgar scores. Obstetricians worldwide have used the Apgar score for more than half a century for the assessment of immediate newborn conditions. It is a simple and convenient evaluation system that offers a standardized and effective assessment of newborn infants. Neonatal morbidity and mortality can be reduced if high-risk neonates are identified and managed adequately. This study aimed to assess the determinants of 5th minute low Apgar score among newborns at Public hospitals in Hawassa city, South Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based unmatched case-control study was conducted at Public Hospitals in Hawassa city. Data were collected from 134 cases and 267 controls using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire by observing, interviewing, and reviewing patient cards. Newborns who delivered with a 5th minute Apgar score < 7 were considered as cases; whereas a similar group of newborns with a 5th minute Apgar score of ≥ 7 were categorized as controls. A consecutive sampling technique was employed to recruit cases, while a simple random sampling technique was used to select controls. Data entry and analysis were performed using Epi Data version 3.1 and SPSS version 20 respectively. Binary and multivariable analyses with a 95 % confidence level were performed. In the final model, variables with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results After controlling for possible confounding factors, the results showed that lack of physical and emotional support during labor and delivery [AOR = 3.5, 95 %CI:1.82–6.76], rural residence [AOR = 4, 95 %CI: 2.21–7.34], lack of antenatal care follow up [AOR = 3.5, 95 % CI: 1.91–6.33], anemia during pregnancy [AOR = 2.3,95 %CI: 1.10–4.71] and low birth weight [AOR = 6.2, 95 %CI: 2.78–14.03] were determinant factors of low Apgar scores. The area under the Apgar score ROC curve was 87.4 %. Conclusions Lack of physical and emotional support, rural residence, lack of ANC follow-up, low birth weight, and anemia during pregnancy were determinant factors of a low Apgar score. `Effective health education during preconception about anemia during pregnancy and ANC will help in detecting high-risk pregnancies that lead to a low Apgar score. In addition to the standard care of using electronic fetal monitoring, increasing access to compassion ships during labor and delivery is recommended.

BackgroundThe worldwide COVID-19 pandemic is overstressing health systems and Essential health services and vaccination services are disrupted. Immunization is a confirmed gizmo for governing and even eliminating communicable diseases. An immunization operation carried out by the World Health from 1967 to 1977 exterminated the usual existence of smallpox. When the program instigated, the disease endangered for 60% of the world's population and slayed every fourth victim. ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the challenge and status of immunization during Covid 19 and associated factors among children aged 10-23 months south Nation Nationality and People Region Ethiopia. Methods and Materialscommunity-based mixed quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional study was done in southwest Ethiopia. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. After that, the data were edited, coded, and move in into Epi info version 7.2 for data management then transported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. The analyzed data were presented by tables, graphs, figures, and text form. Resultaccording to this study the prevalence of incomplete immunization was found to be 809(62.2%) with (95% CI: 59.5, 64.8). in multivariable analysis waiting time at a health facility (AOR=0.04, 95%CI 0.0001,0.004), education (AOR=5.08,95%CI2.31,11.14), place of delivery(AOR=2.34,95%CI 4.96,6.089), fearing of COVID19(AOR=3.62,95%CI 1.72,7.64) and do not understand the separation care of COVID 19 and other health services (AOR=2.85,95%CI1.38,5.9) were significantly associated factorsConclusionThe prevalence of incomplete immunization among children aged 10-23 months was very high in this study as compared to the other studies done in a different pocket of Ethiopia. Consecutively, reducing waiting time at a health facility, avoiding unnecessary fear of COVID 19, and promoting immunization in a different area of southwest Ethiopia along with health extension workers are recommended.

Objective: Despite the increased emphasis on antiretroviral therapy and other healthcare services for HIV-infected individuals, issues of fertility desire have received relatively little attention. In particular, little is known about actual fertility desire and determinants of fertility desires among HIV-infected women and men receiving antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-positive individuals in public health hospitals of Addis Ababa City from 1 October to 30 November 2021. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data with a consecutive sampling technique. EpiData 4.6.2 and SPSS 25 were used for data entry and analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with fertility desire. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed for data interpretation. A p value of ⩽0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Result: Among 400 participants, 55% (95% confidence interval = 50%, 60%) have future fertility desire. Factors like age less than 35 years (adjusted odds ratio = 24.03, 95% confidence interval = 9.99, 57.83), a secondary education level (adjusted odds ratio = 2.78, 95% confidence interval = 1.21, 6.40), being married (adjusted odds ratio = 2.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.39, 5.99), being employed (adjusted odds ratio = 3.12, 95% confidence interval = 1.56, 6.24), being diagnosed with HIV in the past 1 year (adjusted odds ratio = 4.02, 95% confidence interval 2.07, 7.80) or past 2–4 years (adjusted odds ratio = 9.80, 95% confidence interval = 3.89, 26.02) have a significant association with future fertility desire. Respondents using contraceptives were 90.9% less likely to have future fertility desire (adjusted odds ratio = 0.09, 95% confidence interval = 0.05, 0.18). Conclusion: The magnitude of future fertility desire was founded high. Further research on this topic should include qualitative studies to provide a deeper understanding of people living with HIV fertility desires.

BACKGROUNDEpisiotomy was first suggested about two centuries back to prevent perineal tear as well as a fetal head injury. However, there have been controversies about its benefits over its side effects. The magnitude of episiotomy varies across the world. No study was conducted in the study area. This study was aimed at assessing the magnitude and factors associated with episiotomy at public health institutions.SUBJECTS AND METHODSInstitutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed in four public health institutions in Hosaena Town. Data were collected through interviews administered structured questionnaires and supplemented with maternal chart review and anthropometric measurement from May 1st to June 30th, 2019. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. EpiData 3.02 and SPSS version 21 software were used for data entry, and analysis, respectively. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done. Variables at p-value < 0.2 were transferred to multivariable logistic regression analysis. Then variables at p-value <0.05with 95% CI were considered as statistically significant and AOR was used to interpret factors associated with episiotomy. Tables and graphs have been used to present the results.RESULTSA total of 410 delivered mothers were included in the study and the magnitude of episiotomy was 57.6%with a mean of 95% CI = 0.53–0.63.Being primiparous (AOR = 16.96, 95% CI: 9.26, 31.05), meconium-stained amniotic fluid (AOR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.84, 7.96), Second stage of labor lasting more than 2 hours (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.11, 5.32), births attended by non-midwife professionals (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.24, 4.14) and newborns head circumference >35 cm (AOR = 5.73, 95% CI: 3.29, 10.00) were factors significantly associated with episiotomy.CONCLUSIONSEpisiotomy was performed in more than half of the mothers included in the study. All the responsible bodies from the administrative to clinical practitioners should be in action to lower the magnitude of episiotomy by assuring that it is practiced restrictively with scientific indications.