The TiO2 nanoparticles are electrospun with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer solution onto the discharged battery coal (DBC) electrode and the results are evaluated as a supercapacitor. The morphology and chemical composition of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles and PAN+TiO2 nanocomposite fibers were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and FTIR analysis. Supercapacitor measurements and electrochemical characterizations of the electrodes examined by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurements showed that the best current value was obtained from PAN and TiO2 coated DBC. The performances of both PAN and PAN+TiO2 coated DBC electrodes were investigated as supercapacitors. PAN+TiO2/DBC showed the best specific capacitance value of 156.00 F g−1 and PAN/DBC showed 74.93 F g−1. In addition, PAN+TiO2/DBC exhibited reliable stability performance over 2000.00 cycles.

Here, we first report a study on coumarin 500 and liquid crystal including polyacrylonitrile nanofibers in terms of synthesis, characterizations, and supercapacitor performances. SEM, POM, FTIR, and DSC measurements showed that liquid crystal was inserted into the fine polyacrylonitrile nanofibers successfully. Because a strong molecular interaction took place between coumarin 500 and liquid crystal and coumarin 500 was sensitive to the polarity of the medium, the liquid crystal behaved as a guide material for coumarin 500, and it was expected that coumarin 500 was oriented by the director of the liquid crystal along the core of the fiber. The average polyacrylonitrile nanofiber size was between 0.19 to 0.25 μm, and liquid-crystal-doped and liquid-crystal +coumarin-500-doped fibers exhibited a similar distribution, which is approximately in the 0.30 to 0.60 μm interval. This proved that the fibers maintained their structure after modifications. Electrochemical evaluation of the different composite nanofibers showed that there was not a significant current increase upon liquid crystal addition into polyacrylonitrile nanofibers at voltammograms. C s values were enhanced after the coumarin 500 addition into liquid-crystal-doped nanofiber and obtained as 410.60 F/g with a specific energy value of 57.03 Wh/kg. Additionally, the long-term charge−discharge test of the liquid-crystal+coumarin-500-doped polyacrylonitrile graphite electrode showed a very steady distribution between 100th and the 2500th cycles with a 14.12% C s deviation. This is attributed to the stable and robust network of the PAN nanofiber and the synergetic effect between liquid crystal and coumarin 500 in the nanofiber net.

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Electrochemical biosensors and sensors can be developed in various ways by adjusting electrode or surface properties. Transition metal oxides provide plenty of advantages due to bearing plenty of electron donor groups in their structures. In general, the electrochemical sensor–biosensor systems, transition metal complexes and their utilization as transducer improving material in electrochemical sensor and biosensors are detailed in this chapter.