Leather is a durable and flexible material created by the tanning of animal raw hide and skin, primarily cattle hide and natural grain, variation in the grains, good breathability and other natural features are all signs that the material is genuine. The most commonly used tanning methods are chrome and vegetable tanning. The vegetable tannins are extracted by using a suitable solvent, usually water followed by concentration and spray drying to get powder or solid. The tanneries in the Sudan imported mimosa and synthetic (syntan) tannins material for the process of retanning and pretanning. This study was undertaken to utilize Taleh bark (Acacia seyal Bark) as a retanning material for production of upper and garment leathers. The tannins content of Taleh bark was found to be 28.9% and therefore it was promising and would successfully be used as retaining and tanning materials. In this study; the factors that affect leaching which are mainly time, solvent to solid ratio, temperature, agitator speed and time of extraction. A two -level factorial experiments were designed and the level of the above factors was determined according to the statistical analysis. It was found that a solvent solid ratio of 6:1, speed of agitation of 250 rpm, temperature of 30°C and time 2 hours were the optimum conditions. A complete design of a long tube triple-effect evaporator is made for production of 1000 tons per year which is enough for the present level of capacities in the tanneries to date. In conclusion it is clear that Sudan can produce tannins extract from Taleh bark which can be used for pretannage, tannage and retannage. It is recommended that the Taleh bark and similar Acacia seyal can be analyzed and leached to give tannins powder extract to replace imported Mimosa extract.
Background: Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is a long-term disease caused by progressive kidney dysfunction due to many reasons leading to a significant rise in serum levels of creatinine and urea reaching the advanced stage where the patient goes for frequent hemodialysis. This study aims to discuss the evaluation of the efficacy of gum Arabic (GA) supplementation on the serum level of creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium in CRF patients. Methods: Four databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched for clinical trials assessment of gum Arabic intervention in CRF patients. Animal trials and experimental protocols were excluded. Screening of data and data extraction were done by two reviewers independently of each other. Meta-analysis was conducted on the selected studies using RevMan and the resulting description was summarized through the Forest plot tool on the efficacy of GA on 4 variables, creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium in CRF patients. Results: From 574 studies searched, only 4 studies were included in this systemic review and meta-analysis. Although one of the studies had proved the objectives of the review but it was removed from the meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity caused by its inclusion. Conclusion: The few studies included in the current review revealed significant efficacy of GA treatment on the serum level of creatinine, urea, and sodium, but not potassium.
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