BackgroundToxicity of calcium channel blockers leads to high patient mortality and there is no effective antidote. The benefit of using 20% lipid emulsion and sugammadex has been reported. The present study measured the effect of sugammadex and 20% lipid emulsion on hemodynamics and survival in a rat model of verapamil toxicity.Material/MethodsIn this single-blinded randomized control study, rats were separated into 4 groups of 7 rats each: Sugammadex (S), Sugammadex plus 20% lipid emulsion (SL), 20% lipid emulsion (L), and control (C). Heart rates and mean arterial pressures were monitored and noted each minute until death.ResultsAverage time to death was 21.0±9.57 minutes for group C, 35.57±10.61 minutes for group S, 37.14±16.6 minutes for group L and 49.86±27.56 minutes for group SL. Time to death was significantly longer in other groups than in the control group (p<0.05).ConclusionsVerapamil overdose is has a comparatively high mortality rate and there is no effective antidote. Treatment generally involves gastric decontamination and symptomatic treatment to counteract the drug’s negative effects. In animal studies sugammadex and lipid emulsion had a positive effect on survival in patients with calcium channel blocker toxicity. Sugammadex and intralipid increased survival in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. The combination of both drugs may decrease cardiotoxicity. Sugammadex alone or combined with 20% lipid emulsion reduce the need for inotropic agents. The mechanism requires clarification with larger studies.
The heterogeneous nature of oil shale resources associated to the depositional environments, lithology, and organic content make the reserve estimation complex and unpredictable. However, comprehensive laboratory studies on organic rich shale samples collected from different regions can increase the understanding about the organic content of oil shales, interaction of shale with organic matter and injected fluid used during enhanced oil recovery method. This study investigates the characterization of eight different Turkish and American oil shale samples with several spectral methods and a thermal analysis. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the oil shale samples to increase the understanding about the organic content and interaction of shale with organic matter.In this study, we used Thermal Gravimetric Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC) analysis to estimate organic content of each oil shale sample in air and nitrogen environments. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to define minerals in oil shale. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to detect the mineral and kerogen in oil shale before and after the TGA/DSC analysis. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the depositional environment of each oil shale samples. TGA/DSC results verified that oil shale samples have up to 50% of organic matter. XRD and FTIR results helped to identify the organic and inorganic compounds. Effects of minerals and ions were recognized by comparing TGA/DSC curves and FTIR spectra. It was recognized that the more carbonate ion in the oil shale the more increase in weight loss occurred. Diatoms identified from SEM results showed that depositional environments of the some oil shale samples are marine environments.This study provides insight for the reserve estimation of the eight different oil shale samples with comprehensive spectral and thermal characterization.
The heterogeneous nature of oil shale resources associated to the depositional environments, lithology, and organic content make the reserve estimation complex and unpredictable. However, comprehensive laboratory studies on organic rich shale samples collected from different regions can increase the understanding about the organic content of oil shales, interaction of shale with organic matter and injected fluid used during enhanced oil recovery method. This study investigates the characterization of eight different Turkish and American oil shale samples with several spectral methods and a thermal analysis. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the oil shale samples to increase the understanding about the organic content and interaction of shale with organic matter. In this study, we used Thermal Gravimetric Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC) analysis to estimate organic content of each oil shale sample in air and nitrogen environments. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to define minerals in oil shale. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to detect the mineral and kerogen in oil shale before and after the TGA/DSC analysis. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the depositional environment of each oil shale samples. TGA/DSC results verified that oil shale samples have up to 50% of organic matter. XRD and FTIR results helped to identify the organic and inorganic compounds. Effects of minerals and ions were recognized by comparing TGA/DSC curves and FTIR spectra. It was recognized that the more carbonate ion in the oil shale the more increase in weight loss occurred. Diatoms identified from SEM results showed that depositional environments of the some oil shale samples are marine environments. This study provides insight for the reserve estimation of the eight different oil shale samples with comprehensive spectral and thermal characterization.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.