Comprehensive Spectral and Thermal Characterization of Oil Shales

Abstract

The heterogeneous nature of oil shale resources associated to the depositional environments, lithology, and organic content make the reserve estimation complex and unpredictable. However, comprehensive laboratory studies on organic rich shale samples collected from different regions can increase the understanding about the organic content of oil shales, interaction of shale with organic matter and injected fluid used during enhanced oil recovery method. This study investigates the characterization of eight different Turkish and American oil shale samples with several spectral methods and a thermal analysis. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the oil shale samples to increase the understanding about the organic content and interaction of shale with organic matter.In this study, we used Thermal Gravimetric Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC) analysis to estimate organic content of each oil shale sample in air and nitrogen environments. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to define minerals in oil shale. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to detect the mineral and kerogen in oil shale before and after the TGA/DSC analysis. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the depositional environment of each oil shale samples. TGA/DSC results verified that oil shale samples have up to 50% of organic matter. XRD and FTIR results helped to identify the organic and inorganic compounds. Effects of minerals and ions were recognized by comparing TGA/DSC curves and FTIR spectra. It was recognized that the more carbonate ion in the oil shale the more increase in weight loss occurred. Diatoms identified from SEM results showed that depositional environments of the some oil shale samples are marine environments.This study provides insight for the reserve estimation of the eight different oil shale samples with comprehensive spectral and thermal characterization.

Multi-analytical Approach (FTIR, XRF, XRD, GC-MS) Characterization of Source Rocks from the Anza Basin, Kenya

“…), supports the presence of quartz in all the samples [23][24][25] . The peaks at 760, 660, 540, and 511 cm -1 are attributed to symmetric and asymmetric Si-O-Si vibrations that are typical of silicates such as quartz and silica 25 . After carbonate ion elimination using 2M HCl, the peak due to the carbonate (CO3 2-) at 1431 cm -1 and asymmetric stretching at 871 cm -1 are missing in all the samples, except the Sirius-1 (D) sample, where the FTIR peaks due to CO3 2are observed.…”

“…This indicates that source rocks are rich in type III/IV kerogen 22 . ), supports the presence of quartz in all the samples [23][24][25] . The peaks at 760, 660, 540, and 511 cm -1 are attributed to symmetric and asymmetric Si-O-Si vibrations that are typical of silicates such as quartz and silica 25 .…”

A Review on the Application of Microwave Absorbents in Oil Shale

“…In addition, the oil obtained by microwave heating has better quality and higher yield. 11 Harfi et al 12 conducted pyrolysis of Talfaya oil shale in Morocco. It was found that the oil obtained by microwave heating was less polar and contained less sulfur and nitrogen than those obtained by conventional pyrolysis.…”