Background Opening the neck through submental incision allows accurate management of deep neck structures and obtain exceptional neck contours. Objectives The authors aimed to evaluate the distribution of deep neck structures and investigate the detailed vascular anatomy of the submandibular gland. Methods A total of 26 fresh frozen cadaver heads (15 female, 11 male) were used. The authors evaluated the weights of the excised tissues simulating cosmetic resections including subcutaneous fat, subplatysmal fat, anterior belly of digastric muscle and submandibular glands. The vascular supply of the submandibular gland and intracapsular vessel diameters were also investigated. Results While female cadavers had greater mean tissue weight removed from the supraplatysmal plane (mean 20.9 g, 56.6%) than subplatysmal plane (16 g, 43.4%), male cadavers had higher mean tissue weight removed from subplatysmal plane (10.5 g, 60.7%) than supraplatysmal plane (mean 6.8 g, 39.3%). The mean subcutaneous (6.8 g) and subplatysmal (6.4 g) fat weights were almost equal in male cadavers, mean subcutaneous fat weight (20.9g) was 3 times higher than subplatysmal fat weight (6.8 g) in female cadavers. There was a statistically significant relationship between body mass index and fat removed. The intraglanduler vessel diameters increased as resections approached the main feeding vessels located posterosuperior (facial artery) and anterosuperior (submental artery) of the submandibular gland. Conclusions The results suggest that in order to achieve exceptional neck contour, the structures deep to platysma often need to be addressed. The submandibular gland reduction can be safely performed with comprehensive understanding of its vascular anatomy.

Extralaryngeal division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was contradictory in the literature. We aimed to investigate extralaryngeal division of the nerve, and also propose a new description for the inferior laryngeal nerve. Sixty specimens (120 sides) were examined for this project, including 41 men and 19 women cadavers between the ages of 40 and 89 years at death. In one right side, terminal segment of the nerve gave off many small branches surrounding the inferior thyroid artery then reaching the larynx, trachea, thyroid gland and esophagus. In eight sides, terminal segment of the nerve had no extralaryngeal division and entered the larynx as a single trunk. In 110 sides, the nerve had extralaryngeal division. One hundred and three nerves had two laryngeal and one to three extralaryngeal branches. Two types were described in this group. In type I (66 nerves), both branches arose from the same level of nerve. Type I had two subtypes: type Ia, the origin of the branches was just below the inferior constrictor muscle; type Ib, the origin of the branches was 15-35 mm below the muscle. In type II (37 nerves), the laryngeal branches arose just 3-5 mm above the extralaryngeal branches. We observed that the laryngeal and extralaryngeal branches arose generally from the same point of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The inferior laryngeal nerve is thus very short, or even nonexistent. Therefore, we suggest that if the term "superior laryngeal nerve" is a given, standard, and accepted term, then the term "inferior laryngeal nerve" should also be accepted instead of the term "recurrent laryngeal nerve."

Anatomy of UPs is significant for surgeon who operates on the cervical spine. Hopefully, the information presented herein would decrease complications during surgical approaches to the cervical spine.

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Variations of the sutures and sutural bones can be easily misdiagnosed with the fractures of related bony regions in unconscious patients with multiple traumas. During surgical interventions in these type of patients; surgeons must take this fact into consideration in order to make differential diagnosis of fractures and intersutural bone variations.

Despite remarkable advancement in the past decades, heart-related defects are still prone to progress irreversibly and can eventually lead to heart failure. A personalized extracellular matrix–based bioartificial heart created by allografts/xenografts emerges as an alternative as it can retain the original three-dimensional architecture combined with a preserved natural heart extracellular matrix. This study aimed at developing a procedure for decellularizing heart tissue harvested from rats and evaluating decellularization efficiency in terms of residual nuclear content and structural properties. Tissue sections showed no or little visible cell nuclei in decellularized heart, whereas the native heart showed dense cellularity. In addition, there was no significant variation in the alignment of muscle fibers upon decellularization. Furthermore, no significant difference was detected between native and decellularized hearts in terms of fiber diameter. Our findings demonstrate that fiber alignment and diameter can serve as additional parameters in the characterization of biological heart scaffolds as these provide valuable input for evaluating structural preservation of decellularized heart. The bioartificial scaffold formed here can be functionalized with patient’s own material and utilized in regenerative engineering.

© Trakya Üniversitesi T p Fakültesi Dergisi. AVES Yay nc l k taraf ndan bas lm t r. Her hakk sakl d r. © Medical Journal of TrakyaObjective: In this study, our purpose was to assess the relationship between handedness, footedness and the morphological differences of certain intracranial structures on MR images. Material and Methods:63 healthy male and 52 healthy female individuals were included in the study. In each subject, 16 measurements of intracranial structures were taken on MR images. Area of corpus callosum, also left and right cerebral hemispheres, length of CC, width of genu (r1), truncus (r2), isthmus (r3) and splenium of CC (r4) and width of corresponding cerebral hemisphere were measured.Results: There was a statistically significant difference in R3 (width of the corresponding cerebral hemisphere to r3) distance between those using their right feet and those using their left feet. Angle of genu in right-handed people was greater in males than in females. Angle of genu in cases using the left foot was greater in females than in males for standing on one leg. Conclusion:Morphometric assessment of CC with MR imaging related to handedness and footedness may be useful in demonstrating the relationship between callosal morphology, gender differences and extremity preference in neuroscience.

A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The precise location and structure of the sino-atrial node (SA node) and its relationships with surrounding tissues is uncertain. Therefore, our first aim in this study was to make a real 3D model of the SA node from a human heart to understand the neighborings of the structures that make it. Our second aim was to show numerical data regarding the neighborings so that such data could be useful for clinical procedures. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : The SA node was obtained from a formalin-fixed cadaver, embedded in paraffin, 5 µm thick complete serial sections were cut and stained with Masson's trichrome stain for demonstrating the it. 3D reconstruction of SA node was generated by using a fully computerized system with XYZ motorized stage and Neurolucida software. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : SA node was apparent in 90 of 143 histological sections as a crescent-like structure. Nodal myocytes were circumferentially arranged around an obvious central SA nodal artery and embedded in a dense connective tissue. In 3D solid views, we noted the SA node and the SA nodal artery. Crescentlike shaped SA node was located subepicardially between superior vena cava and terminal crest, and it had an extension as a tail toward and parallel to the inferior vena cava. Mean length of the node was 5.04 mm, whereas its width was 1.22 mm. The mean distance of the endocardium to its nearest point to SVC was 0.64 mm, to its nearest point to terminal crest was 2.29 mm, and to the largest part of the node was 0.73 mm. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Our findings for the localization, anatomy, histology, and the distribution of cells in the node seem to be comparable to that of the previous studies. We have also showed nodal extensions and nodal artery in this model. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Sinoatrial node; heart conduction system; image processing, computer-assisted Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Nodus sinuatrialis'in yapısı ve çevre dokularla ilişkisi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu nedenle; çalışmamızın ilk amacı bilgisayarlı bir sistem aracılığı ile, insan nodus sinuatrialis'inin üç boyutlu modellemesidir. İkinci amacımız ise nodus sinuatrialis'i ve çevre yapılar ile ilişkisini klinik işlemlerde kullanılabilecek sayısal verilerle ifade etmektir. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Nodus sinuatrialis formalin ile fikse edilmiş kadavradan çıkarıldı, parafine gömüldü, 5 µm seri kesitleri alındı ve Masson trikrom boyası ile boyandı. Nodus sinuatrialis'in üç boyutlu modellemesi, üze-rinde hareketli XYZ modülü bulunan bilgisayarlı bir sistem ve Neurolucida programı ile yapıldı. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Nodus sinuatrialis; 143 kesitin 90 tanesinde, yarım ay şeklinde bir yapı olarak görüldü. İleti hücrelerinin, ortalarında bulunan arteria nodi sinuatrialis (a. coronaria dextra r. nodi sinuatrialis)'in çevresinde dairesel olarak yerleştiği ve sıkı bağ dokusunun içinde yer aldığı gö-rüldü. Üç boyutlu modellerde nodus sinuatrialis ve arteria...