The results show that the prevalence and progression of myopia in Hong Kong children was much higher than those previously reported in Western countries. The long-term socioeconomic impact of these findings warrants further studies.

Earlier work showed that playbacks of con- Songbirds use their songs and calls to communicate with members of their own species. Male songbirds typically learn these vocalizations from adult conspecifics during a sensitive period in development. These learned songs and calls can differ markedly between individuals, though they also share species-typical features (1-3). Much is known about the brain pathways birds use for the production of learned vocalizations (4, 5), but our understanding of circuits that discriminate and store these signals is just beginning to develop (6, 7). One forebrain area that may play a role in perceptual aspects of vocal communication is the caudo-medial neostriatum (NCM), where playback of conspecific song is more effective than heterospecific song or non-song sounds in inducing the expression of the immediate early gene ZENK (also known as zif-268, egr-1, NGFI-A, or Krox-24) (8, 9). The ZENK response in NCM disappears when the same song is played back repeatedly, but a full ZENK response is elicited again if a novel song is presented (10). ZENK is one of a group of immediate early genes that encode transcriptional regulators thought to mediate the long-term effects of depolarization on neural activity and thus to play a role in memory formation (11)(12)(13)(14).These observations suggest that NCM is part of a system that processes and memorizes species-specific sounds.In the present study we recorded the electrophysiological responses of NCM neurons to conspecific and heterospecific song in the presence or absence of protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors. We describe a long-lasting decrease in responsive-The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.ness of NCM neurons to repetitions of the same song stimulus and suggest that this may be a good system in which to study the cellular and molecular basis of perceptual learning.* METHODS Experimental Animals and Surgical Procedures. Forty adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) obtained from our breeding colony or from a local supplier were used. Under anesthesia, birds were surgically prepared for recording. Twenty-four to 48 h later, the awake-animals were restrained for recordings and microinjections. Recording sessions typically lasted 4-5 h, conforming to an approved animal use protocol. At the end of each experiment, small electrolytic lesions were made for use in locating the recording sites. The birds were then killed and the brains were processed for histology. For all procedural details, see ref. 15.Auditory Stimulation. The songs of 50 male zebra finches and 5 canaries from our archives were digitized at 20 kHz (Signal, Engineering Design, Belmont, MA) to provide a set of conspecific and heterospecific songs that the birds had never heard before. The zebra finch songs were 1.2-2.0 s long and contained introductory notes and one or two motifs. The canary...

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Auditory responses in the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM) of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) forebrain habituate to repeated presentations of a novel conspecific song. This habituation is long lasting and specific to individual stimuli. We here test the acoustic and ethological basis of this stimulus-specific habituation by recording extracellular multiunit activity in the NCM of awake male and female zebra finches presented with a variety of conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations, white noise, and tones. Initial responses to conspecific song and calls and to human speech were higher than responses to the other stimuli. Immediate habituation rates were high for all novel stimuli except tones, which habituated at a lower rate. Habituation to conspecific calls and songs outlasted habituation to other stimuli. The extent of immediate habituation induced by a particular novel song was not diminished when other conspeeific songs were presented in alternation. In addition, the persistence of habituation was not diminished by exposure to other songs before testing, nor was it influenced by gender or laterality. Our results suggest that the NCM is specialized for remembering the calls and songs of many individual conspecifics.Vocal communication using songs and calls is an important part of social and reproductive behavior in many songbird species (1). Songbirds learn their songs (and in some cases calls) from conspecific tutors, but include minor variations; as a result, these vocalizations have an acoustic form that is specific to each individual. We have previously shown that playbacks of novel conspecific songs elicit vigorous auditory responses in neurons in the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM) of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) brain. These responses habituate with repeated presentations of the same song, and the habituation persists for up to 48 h (2). We have now tested the specificity of these responses by using a larger variety of stimuli, presented in various temporal combinations to both male and female zebra finches. The results show that the initial activity elicited by noise, tones, and various conspecific or heterospecific vocalizations does not predict whether or not repeated exposure to any of these signals will produce longterm habituation. In addition, long-term habituation remains specific for individual songs and calls even when the bird is exposed to large numbers of similar stimuli that could potentially interfere with this form of memory.

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Average retinal thickness of the macula does not vary with myopia. However, the parafovea was thinner and the fovea thicker with myopia.

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Myopia progression was faster for younger children and for children who had more severe myopia at baseline. Socioeconomic status and near-work activity were not related to myopia progression.