Having multiple viewpoints are an indispensable capability for persons who can lead the development and operation of large-scale complex technological and social systems. In addition, the previous study describes as follows."Citizens are diverse because our society has become more complex in recent years. Therefore how to evaluate, how to satisfy the required level of accountability, and how to reach a good agreement are problems that must be addressed."This study therefore aims to evaluate whether Goal Structuring Notation (GSN) is a notation method structuralizing with multiple viewpoints for agreement formation. Through the evaluation, this study intends to clarify what it is to structuralize with multiple viewpoints by using GSN. A quantitative evaluation method and a qualitative evaluation method are used for data analysis. This study discusses structuralizing with multiple viewpoints.Concretely, this study showed that structuralizing with multiple viewpoints: 1) Connects multiple viewpoints, creates new boundaries, and enables structuralizing what was described by using GSN, when multiple Strategy nodes are used. 2) Enables expressing a combination of a viewpoint that is selected from multiple viewpoints aligned in the horizontal direction, and a viewpoint that is selected from multiple viewpoints aligned in the vertical direction, when one Strategy node is used. 3) Enables discovering an unexpected viewpoint through a conversation using GSN.Finally, this study concludes with future research topics.

Systems engineering methodology has expanded its application fields into creating innovations and designing societal systems. In the present age, where everything has increased in complexity, systems engineers are challenged to solve ill‐defined problems to create innovations and to design societal systems. Design thinking has attracted attention as a methodology for solving ill‐defined problems. However, design thinking cannot create innovations or design societal systems by itself. It is effective when it is applied to the systems engineering process, and embedded in its processes. This paper proposes using the advantages of both design thinking and systems engineering to build the Structured Design Thinking Framework as an extension to the DIKW model. The framework has integrated the non‐structured design thinking process and the structured systems engineering process. We used this framework to redesign a local community in Japan and to design a new concept of aquarium, and confirmed that this framework works.

Enterprise architecture (EA) is useful for promoting digital transformation in global companies and information societies. In this paper, the authors investigated and analyzed the process for digital transformation in global companies, together with related work in using and applying an enterprise architecture framework for the digital era named the adaptive integrated digital architecture framework (AIDAF). Moreover, they position the AIDAF framework for processing digital transformation in global companies. Based on this analysis, the authors propose and describe a new enterprise architecture process for promoting digital transformation in global companies. Furthermore, the authors propose an adaptive EA cycle-based architecture board framework on digital platforms, while verifying them with case studies in global companies. Finally, the authors clarify the challenges and critical success factors of the process and framework for digital transformation with architecture board reviews in the adaptive EA cycle to assist EA practitioners with its implementation.

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Previous studies showed that using assurance cases to increase the feasibility of accomplishing management vision and management strategy. The assurance case description method proposed by previous studies, however, does not take into account the work whose purpose changes in the progress. This study proposes an assurance case description method according to the PROCESS definition defined in this study, for being able to visualize that assuring a task whose purpose changes according to the work progress. The reason we refer to ISO 15288:2015 is that PROCESS defined in ISO 15288:2015 considers Purpose, and thus assumes changes in a certain work's purpose in the progress of the work. This study evaluates the effectiveness of both a) being able to understand the purpose of PROCESS and b) being able to visualize that assuring a work whose purpose changes according to the work progress by using both open coding and paired t-test. Based on the paired t-test result, the proposed description method was judged effective compared with current practice, about a) being able to understand the purpose of PROCESS and b) being able to visualize that assuring a work whose purpose changes according to the work progress. Furthermore, from the open coding results, the results suggested why the proposed description method is effective. This study concludes with future research topics.