This study provides evidence for direct effects of HMOs in addition to their prebiotic role and demonstrates, for the first time, modulation of Ag-IgE complex activation of human epithelial cells that may have important implications for food-allergy. The study also reinforces the concept that structurally different oligosaccharides have distinct biological activities. In determining the composition of infant formula, addition of oligosaccharides with specific structures may provide direct modulation of immune responses and potentially attenuate symptoms or development of food allergy.
Objectives: To screen and assess the severity level of anxiety, its influencing factors along with the gender-wise predilection of coping strategies among resident doctors working in accident and emergency departments. Methods: A transverse study was conducted amongst 260 resident doctors of accident and emergency department of different teaching hospitals of Karachi from October 2020 until March 2021. A demographic sheet containing questions related to factors, GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) and Brief COPE were used to measure the severity level of anxiety and coping strategies. Data was scored according to the standard scoring procedure for each subscale and for further statistical analysis SPSS Version 21 was used. Results: Out of all participants, 68.1% were <30 years of age, 63.1% were females while 54.2% were single. The findings of the study showed the prevalence of anxiety within the range of normal (38.1%), mild (35.0%), moderate (16.9%) and severe (10.0%). Gender (p= 0.001), marital status (p= 0.040) and job satisfaction (p= 0.007) among resident doctors were significantly associated with level of anxiety. Deemed to coping strategies, the most frequently were planning (n=145, 90.0%), acceptance (n=141, 87.6%), and religion (n=137, 85.1 %). All coping strategies were mostly opted by females except substance abuse. Conclusion: More than a half of the resident doctors manifested with mild to severe anxiety disorder, which highlights the need for psychological support programs to minimize anxiety levels and to ensure a healthy environment at workplace for the health practitioners. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5105 How to cite this:Zehra S, Qureshi FM, Faiz S, Khalid K. Magnitude and pattern of anxiety levels with gender wise predilection of coping strategies amid resident doctors of emergency department. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5105 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objective: To assess level of anxiety, its associated factors and coping strategies in postgraduate trainees of public and private teaching hospitals of Karachi Study Design and Setting: It was a cross-sectional study. The data was collected from different major teaching hospitals February 2019 till April Methodology: A total of 230 postgraduate trainees were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire specifically designed for this study which included General Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale and Brief COPE Questionnaire. Data were analyzed on SPSS version 21. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression was performed and P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant Results: Total 39.6% of the participants had no anxiety, 34.3% had mild, 16.1% had moderate while 10.0% had severe anxiety. Being single, nuclear family system and low monthly household income had higher odds of having severe anxiety (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR); 5.50, 95% CI 1.38,22.14, AOR; 2.50, 95% CI 0.83,7.51 and AOR; 3.17, 95% CI 0.96,10.49 respectively). Severe anxiety was also highly associated with irregular sleep pattern (AOR; 2.06, 95% CI 0.70, 6.06), no daily exercise (AOR; 5.01, 95% CI 1.21, 2.69) and lack of job satisfaction (AOR; 2.64, 95% CI 0.90, 7.90). The most frequently adapted coping strategies by participants who were found to have anxiety were, planning (89.9%), acceptance (87%) and religion (85.6%). Conclusion: Postgraduate trainees should be provided with psychological counseling and support at workplace to keep them mentally healthy to enhance their everyday performance in dealing and treating patients
Objective: To determine the frequency of color blindness among male professional drivers of Karachi- Pakistan and the difficulties they experience while driving. Study Design and Setting: A cross-sectional study was conducted aomng 300 male drivers with valid driving licenses operating on local and long routes in Karachi. Methodology: The study was done at various locations in the city of Karachi from September to November 2017. The subjects were tested for vision and color blindness with the help of Snellen’s chart and Ishihara chart respectively. A précised questionnaire was developed keeping in view the study objectives. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data entry and its analysis. Each questionnaire was thoroughly studied and seen for missing data or information before entry. A written informed consent about the study was provided to the subjects in the form of a plain language statement attached to the questionnaire. This study was approved by the ethical review board of Karachi Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS). Results: Amongst the 300 participants 7 (2.33 %) of the drivers were found to have complete color blindness while 2 (0.66%) were partially colour blind. They preferred day time driving and experience difficulties in recognizing traffic signals and vehicle lights. Conclusion: The frequency of colour blindness was found to be low but it was observed that colour blind drivers face a lot of difficulties while driving. Therefore, easy and practical changes should be made, like shape-coding of signals, and continuous research-based modifications are required to aid these drivers.
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