Background: Cisplatin is considered a potent chemotherapeutic drug used in clinical oncology but causes testicular damage as a side effect. Erdosteine is a mucolytic drug possessing an antioxidant capacity. Aim of the Work: The present study was planned to evaluate the possible protective effect of erdosteine against cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Material and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four groups, ten rats each: control, erdosteine-treated (50 mg/kg body weight/day, orally for 7 days), cisplatin-treated (a single dose of 7mg/ kg intraperitoneally) and erdosteine/cisplatin-treated. Erdosteine was administered 24h before cisplatin injection and was continued until animal sacrifice. Six days after cisplatin administration, all rats were anaesthetized with ether. The scrotum of each animal was incised and the testes were removed and processed to be examined by both the light and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Examination of the testicular specimens of the cisplatin-treated group revealed severe testicular damage with significant reduction in the tubular diameter and germinal epithelium thickness compared to the control group. Shrunken tubules, germ cell loss and apoptotic changes in most of the cells, especially the primary spermatocytes and round spermatids were noticed. The mature spermatids appeared markedly decreased in number and the existing ones showed abnormal forms. Increased interstitial edema and apparent decrease in the Leydig cells were also observed. Erdosteine administration before cisplatin showed amelioration of the testicular architecture. Despite the mild degenerative changes in some spermatogenic cells, cell loss was markedly decreased and most of the tubular lumina were full of mature spermatids. Apparent increase in the Leydig cells and decreased interstitial edema was also noticed. Conclusions: Erdosteine partially protected the rat testes against the cisplatin-induced toxicity most probably via its potent antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.
Aim of the Work: The present study aimed at illustrating the structural changes in senile ascending aorta and comparing the effects of combined estrogen and vitamin E and estrogen therapy alone in improving these changes by both light and scanning electron microscopy. Material and Methods: Thirty female albino rats were used in the present work; adult rats (6 _ 7) month old and senile rats (22 -23)-month old. The senile rats were divided into three subgroups, control group and a group that received 0.05 ml of folone by intramuscular injection (one injection/ month). The last group received combined estrogen and vitamin-E 40 IU daily by gastric intubation. Animals were anaesthetized after 10 weeks and specimens were processed for microscopic studies. Results: The ascending aorta of senile rats exhibited discontinuity of internal elastic lamina, large vacuolated foam cells in the tunica media and interrupted widely separated elastic lamellae of the tunica media. Collagen fiber deposition was noticed in the three layers. Scanning electron microscopy revealed loss of regular pattern of surface endothelium, desquamation, ulceration or focal shedding of endothelial lining. Upon administration of estrogen, internal elastic lamina appeared continuous. The elastic lamellae in the tunica media were less affected but the tunica adventitia still manifested cellular infiltration. Collagen was noticed in both the tunica intima and media. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the surface endothelium was still rough with few blebs. Following combined estrogen and vitamin E administration, the characteristic finding was the appearance of elastic lamellae of the tunica media with no signs of separation between its layers. Collagen deposition was still prominent in some areas in the tunica media. Scanning electron microscopy revealed smooth endothelial surface with no signs of ulceration or bleb formation.
Background Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is considered one of the most successful chemotherapeutic drugs involved in anticancer regimens. However, it has multiple side effects. Mesna has an antiinflammatory effect and usually used in the treatment of cystitis. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin which has a potent anti –oxidant effect that might protect cells against the oxidative damage caused by cyclophosphamide. Aim of the study The aim of the present study was comparing between the possible protective effect of vitamin C versus mesna and their combined therapy against the histological and immunohistochemical changes induced by cyclophosphamide on the urinary bladder of adult male albino rats. Material and methods Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into 5 groups, 6 rats each; (control(?), CYP-treated group (Пa), recovery group(Пb), mesna-treated group(???), vitamin C- treated group(?V) and the combined group (V). Histological examination of the H&Eand toluidine blue stained sections was done by light microscopy to assess the changes in the architecture of the urinary bladder. Avidin Biotin staining was performed for demonstration of iNOS immunoreactivity and histomorphometric analysis was done. Results Examination of H&E stained sections of cyclophosphamide- treated group (Пa) showed variable degrees of urothelial affection. Wide areas of urothelial cell degeneration with evident basal cytoplasmic vacoulatins, surface erosions and sloughed urothelial debris. Other Areas showed surface ulceration, completely denuded urothelium or the presence of multiple cysts replacing the urothelium and resting on the basement membrane. Semithin sections showed that the cytoplasmic microvesicles of umbrella cells were hardly detected. The Avidin Bioton stained sections showed intense positive immune reaction to iNOS in all layers of the urothelium. Scanning electron microscopy showed loss of the normal polygonal shape of the superficial epithelial cells, erosions, or deep ulcerations. Moreover, examination of the lamina propria by light microscopy showed multiple mononuclear inflammatory cells were detected, mast cells were seen in the lamina propria and some of them were invading the basement membrane of the urothelium. Dilated blood vessels and wide areas of extravasted blood (hemorrhage) were also observed. In addition, multiple epithelial cell nests of irregular shapes and sizes were deeply located in the lamina propria and exhibited pale esinophilic colloid discharge in their lumen. Scanning electron microscopy showed dense deposition of collagen fibers in both superficial and deep fibers of the lamina propria. Minimal improvement was observed in the recovery group (subgroup Пb). Mild to moderate improvement of the previous findings of CYP treated group was observed with each of mesna and vitamin C. Combined treatment of CYP with both of mesna and vitamin C induced apparent restoration of almost of the normal architecture of the urinary bladder. Conclusion CYP consumption developed morphologic and morphometric changes in the urinary bladder. The recovery group showed minimal improvement of the bladder architecture and increasing the period of recovery might produce better results. Each of vitamin C and mesna- treated groups induced mild to moderate improvement on the bladder architecture but treatment with combination of both of them offered remarkable improvement. Combined mesna and vitamin C induced significant protection via their combined anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant proprieties.
Background: Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) has been widely used in treatment of erectile dysfunction and thereafter, for the treatment of many vascular diseases as pulmonary arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure and Reynolds's disease. Nowadays, it is introduced in the treatment of wide spectrum of pregnancy-associated diseases as placental blood flow and vascular development are critical to fetal growth and development. Aim of the Work: To study the effect of Viagra on the structure of midterm and full term placentas, to investigate for possible teratogenic effects and to find out the role of Viagra in fetal lung perfusion in albino rats. Material and Methods: A total of 24 pregnant albino rats were divided into 4 equal groups, six rats each: control midterm (They received normal saline and were sacrificed on the 13 th gestational day), control full term (They received normal saline and were sacrificed on the 21 st gestational day), treated midterm (Viagra was administered from the start of pregnancy till the 13 th gestational day), and treated full term (Viagra was administered from the start of pregnancy till the 21 st gestational day). The Viagra dose was 2.5mg/ Kg body weight dissolved in 5 ml saline given daily by gastric tube. Placentas and fetuses of all groups were obtained and processed for light and scanning electron microscopes studies. Results: The midterm and full term Sildenafil-treated placentas showed hypervascularity of the basal and labyrinthine zones. Scanning electron microscopy showed presence of congested chorionic villi as well as presence of congested spiral arteries traversing the inter-villous spaces. Multiple sprouts from the spiral arteries were also observed. No apparent external or internal congenital malformations were detected in full term fetuses. Examination of the fetal-lungs of the treated groups revealed apparent increase in the diameter and the branching of the bronchi and bronchioles, decrease in the interstitial stroma with dilatation and congestion of the interstitial vessels. Conclusion: Sildenafil citrate proved to increase the placental blood flow accompanied with increase in fetal lung perfusion without any apparent fetal teratogenicity.
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