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The England and Fraser and our new formula 1 are the best formulas in men. The England and Fraser and RDW index are the best formulas in women.

Background Stress has a bad impact on mental, physical, psychological health of teacher and it can interfere with job performance and job satisfaction. This study will not only measure the frequency of work related stress among teachers but it also will correlate the work related stress, anxiety and depression with the different risk factors in school environment and their effect on the health status of the teacher. Objective To measure the frequency of work related stress,anxiety and depression among school teachers in governmental schools in kobri el koba district, to measure the frequency and extent to which school teachers are exposed to possible riskfactors of stress in school environment as well as to study the possible effects of work related stress, anxiety, depression on school teachers. participants and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 teachers from governmental school in kobri elkoba district and their ages range from 20 to 59years old and the percentage of males (35.8%) is almost half the percentage of the females (64.3%). Results There were significant positive correlations between stresss score, anxiety& depression scores. In Logistic regression for factors favouring having anxiety (E. Sev) among the studied teachers: question number 63 in the sources of administrative stress which is (the lack of the support from the administration) was significant factors that increased the anxiety, while single status was a significant factor that decreased the anxiety. In Logistic regression for factors favouring having depression (Sev/E. Sev) among the studied teachers: School grades (preparatory and secondary) were significant factors that decreased the depresssion, while question number 66 in the sources of administrative stress which is (No participation in the adoption of administrative decisions) also question number 71which is (the school administration interferes with all my responsibilities) were significant factors that increased the depresssion. Conclusion Drawn from this study is that the degree of work related stress, anxiety and depression among teachers in governmental schools in kobri el koba district is considerably high. This indicates that we are in need to do Further studies on teachers for better assessment of the epidemiology of work related stress, anxiety and depression and the risk factors also Intervention studies are highly recommended as the prevelance of stress, anxiety and depression in the present study is almost 100% which is considered extremely high and in need to urgent intervention,Authorities should be informed about the results and should be encouraged to reduce work related stress, anxiety and depression, Asking the competent authorities to increase salaries to be suitable with the requirements of the life, Establishment of committee to assess stress, anxiety and depression among teachers and to suggest the coping strategies,Informal group meeting should be periodically held between managers and the teachers to allow expression of feelings, to promote lines of communication where constructive critical feedback from supervisors and subordinates can be exchanged, and to provide a sense of success through rewards, appreciation and recognition of task completion.

A study of health-related quality of life in pediatric atopic dermatitis Original article Background: Children of atopic dermatitis (AD) have difficulties in social adaptation and academic achievements. Health related quality of life (HRQOL) is a multidimensional measure not restricted to physical effects of disease or its treatment. Objective: We sought to assess, through validated questionnaire sets, the impact of AD on the HRQOL of children and their parents or caregivers. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 85 children with physician diagnosed AD recruited from the

Background: The workplace environment impacts workers health, morale, productivity and engagement-both positively and negatively. The workplace environment in most of industry is unsafe and unhealthy. During the past ten years, the printing services have met a large development. Technological changes and the introduction of new work processes in the matter of printing have had a deep impact on labor, security and health. Objectives: to describe the environmental features of a printing press in Cairo. Methods: A descriptive observational study was carried out in a big printing press in Cairo, Egypt. Assessment of the work environment (prepress department, printing department, bookbinding section & office) was done using checklist modified from that of occupational safety team, 2012. Results: The majority of the study participants (79.5%) in the printing press were working in the printing and bookbinding department. which complains from poor ventilation, poor housekeeping, presence of spills & tripping hazards, lack of personal protective equipments, presence of noisy machines, significant manual handling & awkward body positions, lack of first aid kit & hazardous containers (ink containers in the printing department & adhesives in the bookbinding department) were left open. By comparing the departmental total score of the items in the environmental checklist; the prepress department were the highest in fulfilling the positive items with score (86.66%) and the printing & bookbinding department were the least with total score (40.09%). Conclusion: The study concluded that some areas of the printing press (printing & bookbinding department) need urgent attention to the work environment and recommend periodic environmental examination, good housekeeping, training, health education & provision of protective measures. Further work to confirm these findings in other study settings & population is also needed.

Background: Caesarean section (CS) is a life-saving operation when vaginal delivery is risky to the mother or baby. However, if not medically indicated or performed under suboptimal conditions, it can be harmful and resource intensive. Aims: To estimate the prevalence of CS in 6 Egyptian governorates and to identify possible risk factors (including demographic, social and healthcare services factors) stratified according to geographical areas. Methods: We used secondary data collected from a large survey conducted to investigate the sociodemographic and health indicators of 6 purposefully selected Egyptian governorates with suboptimal health indicators: 3 from Upper Egypt (Sohag, Assiut and Menia) and 3 from Lower Egypt (Sharkia, Beheira and Ismailia). The survey data were gathered using an interview questionnaire that targeted household members. Results: The CS rate was estimated at 55.1% for the 3 years preceding the study, and the highest rate was 67.8% in Behira and the lowest was 49.0% in Assiut. In most governorates, the CS rate was higher in rural than in urban areas, but the difference was not significant. High CS rates were significantly related to higher social class and lower number of children (≤ 3). Conclusion: In the governorates investigated, CS was performed more often, with higher rates than those reported in the 2015 Egypt Health Issue Survey. The adoption of protocols for elective CS should be enforced with a more multisectoral effort. Pregnant women should also be well informed on the risk of CS and its medical indications.

Background Population aging is a global challenge, the percent of older people in Egypt was 6.9% in 2015, projected to be 9.2% in 2021, and it is expected to reach 20.8% in 2050. This means that, around 20 million Egyptians will be categorized as elderly by that time (1). Prevalence of falls among elderly in Egypt is estimated to be (33.3%) (2) .Geriatric Falls are considered as one of the most common and serious public health problems, as they are common causes of morbidity and mortality, loss of independence, and poor quality of life (3) .Its reported by the CDC that one in every three adults age 65 and older falls each year (4) .Institutionalized elderly people are three times more likely to fall than those who live in the community, this may be explained by loss of family relationships, lower functional capacity and physical inactivity due to social isolation (5)