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E ight experimental diets representing two levels of vitamin E (low 100 IU /kg diet and high 300 IU/kg diet) with four levels of selenium (0;2 ; 4 ; 8 mg/kg diet) were tested on hybrid tilapia (-Qr-niloiieusX JX~mweu8~) for a period of 120 days. "The study was performed in outdoor cement ponds, each divided to units by nets with an area of 10m each. Each treatment was performed in duplicates, using 40 experimental fish with an initial weight of 48.83 g on the average. After the adaptation period, the fish were fed on the experimental diets at a rate of 3% of the treatment bibmass dialy, divided into two equal portions at 10. 0 a.m and 2 p.m. Water temperature ranged between 28J to 3L5 °C during the experimental period. Water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, ammonia oED were within the permissible levels for tilapia. Results obtained^ surhmenzed/in the followingr 1-Hybrid tilapia fea on 2mg Se with 300 IU vitamin E/kg diet had significantly higher (p < 0.05) specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency and also improved feed conversion ratio than that fed on the other diets. 2-At constant dietary vitamin E level, total serum protein increased with increasing Se level up to 8 mg/ kg diet. 3-Fish fed on high level of supplemented vitamin E (300 IU/kg) diet without selenium deprivation, showed increased growth rates and 54 Ahmed K. I. El-Hammady et al. improved feed conversion rate than that fed on the low vitamin E (lOOIU/kg dry diet). 4-The histological investigation showed remerkable effects in the liver tissue of hybrid tilapia fed on dietary Se-supplemented level up to 8mg/kg diet with low vitamin E (lOOIU/kg dry diet) with different degrees of injuries, including blood vessels, hemorrhages and degeneration in hepatic cells, dilatation, odema and hemosidren, hemolysis, necrosis and activation in nuclear division. This study suggests that supplementation of Vit. E 300IU/kg with selenium up to 2 mg / kg dry diet for hybrid tilapia is warranted to increase growth rate and prevent fish from increased concentration of waterborne Se up to toxicity levels.

The use of dried olive pomace as complementary energy sources in poultry feed is still limited due to its low protein and high fiber contents. Bioconversion of olive pomace through solid-state fermentation with or without exogenous enzymes is considered as a trial for improving its nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented olive pomace with or without enzymatic treatment on the growth, modulations of genes encoding digestive enzymes and glucose transporters, meat oxidative stability, and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. A total of 1400 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments with 10 replicates of 20 birds/replicate. Treatments included control (basal corn–soybean diet) and other six treatments in which basal diet was replaced by three levels (7.5, 15, and 30%) of fermented olive pomace (FOPI) or enzymatically fermented olive pomace (FOPII) for 42 days. The highest body weight gain was observed in groups fed 7.5 and 15% FOPII (increased by 6.6 and 12.5%, respectively, when compared with the control group). Also, feeding on 7.5 and 15% FOPII yielded a better feed conversion ratio and improved the digestibility of crude protein, fat, and crude fiber. The expression of the SGLT-1 gene was upregulated in groups fed FOPI and FOPII when compared with the control group. Moreover, the expression of the GLUT2 gene was elevated in groups fed 7.5 and 15% FOPII. By increasing the levels of FOPI and FOPII in diets, the expression of genes encoding pancreatic AMY2A, PNLIP, and CCK was upregulated (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with the control. Fat percentage and cholesterol content in breast meat were significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) by nearly 13.7 and 16.7% in groups fed FOPI and FOPII at the levels of 15 and 30%. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in breast meat were significantly increased in groups fed 15 and 30% FOPI and FOPII when compared with the control group and even after a long period of frozen storage. After 180 days of frozen storage, the inclusion of high levels of FOP significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) the levels of glutathione peroxide and total superoxide dismutase and meat ability to scavenge free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Furthermore, the highest net profit and profitability ratio and the lowest cost feed/kg body gain were achieved in groups fed 7.5 and 15% of FOPII, respectively. The results of this study indicated that dietary inclusion of 15% FOPII could enhance the growth performance and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. Moreover, a higher inclusion level of FOPI or FOPII could enhance the quality and increase the oxidative stability of frozen meat and extend the storage time.

Optimal combinations of essential oils (EOs) can enhance performance and maintain poultry productivity. The effects of EOs with black pepper oil (BPO) or radish seed oil (RSO) on performance and the expression of digestive enzymes, lipogenesis, immunity, and autophagy-related genes in broiler chickens were explored. Six dietary treatments for 300 one-day-old chicks were allocated as follows: controls were fed a basal diet, one group was fed an EO-supplemented diet (1.5 g/kg diet of parsley, mint, and carrot seed oils (1:1:1)), and other groups received Eos + BPO0.25, Eos + BPO0.5, Eos + RSO0.25, and Eos + RSO0.5 treatments, with a basal diet containing EOs plus BPO or RSO at the level of 0.25 or 0.5 g/kg, respectively. Supplementation with 0.5 g/kg of EOs plus BPO or RSO resulted in the most improved maximum BWG and FCR in broiler chickens. The lactobacilli population was increased in Eos + BPO0.5, followed by EOs + RSO0.5, unlike in the control. The highest expression of the CCK and PNLIP genes was identified in the Eos + BPO group. The FAS and ACC genes were upregulated, while the IgA and IL-10 genes were downregulated, with EOs plus RSO or BPO. The group that received Eos + BPO0.5, followed by Eos + RSO0.5, displayed patterns of higher expression for atg5, atg7, and atg12, with lower expression of mTOR. In summary, a new combination of EOs with 0.5 g/kg BPO had potential growth-promoting and immune-boosting effects in broiler chickens.

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B iochemical contents in the muscle of Oreochromis niloticus were determined in fish specimens collected from El-Kanater, Benha, Zefta and Talkha stations. Analysis revealed that the water content in muscles was higher in immature than mature fish. The maximum values of protein content in fish flesh were recorded during spring at Benha and Zefta stations. Seasonal variations in the amount of protein, fat. carbohydrate water and ash were observed. The fat in fish muscles was fairly high in winter and early spring in adult specimens, i.e.. during the pre-spawning months, then it dropped after the breeding season. A direct relationship between fat and protein was found. The muscle carbohydrate was correlated to feeding and spawning activity. High energy values were found throughout the prespawning period.Heavy metals concentrations were detected in the muscles of O.niloticus and found to follow the order: Fe > Pb > Cu > Zn.The histopathological study of fish muscles showed marked signs of haemorrhage and hemolysis.