Peru is a megadiverse country with native species of all kinds, including dye plants, which have been used for hundreds of years by the local population. Despite the fact that many of these natural dyes are of a superior quality compared to synthetic ones and do not have the harmful effects that the latter may cause to human health, due to the lack of documentation and dissemination, ethnobotanical knowledge is unfortunately being lost with the passing of generations. In order to preserve and spread such valuable knowledge, this study conducted a comprehensive taxonomic, phytogeographic, and ethnobotanical inventory of dye plants based on periodical botanical explorations in selected locations of Northern Peru during the span of two decades. A critical review of the specialized bibliography was then carried out and the findings were verified with the personal knowledge and experience of both the researchers and the local and regional people. The results of the inventory record 32 species of dye plants from Northern Peru distributed in 22 families, of which the following stand out due to the number of species: Fabaceae (5), Anacardiaceae (2), Annonaceae (2), Asteraceae (2), Berberidaceae (2), Rosaceae (2), and Solanaceae (2). Of the 32 dye species identified, four are considered endemic from Peru: Berberis buceronis J.F. Macbr., Caesalpinia paipai Ruiz & Pav., Coreopsis senaria S.F. Blake & Sherf., and Lomatia hirsuta (Lam.) Diels. The study also found that species such as Bixa orellana L., Indigofera suffruticosa Mill., Sambucus peruviana, and the lichen Usnea baileyi (Stirton) Zahlbr have not been commercially exploited in Peru despite the fact that they already constitute a great economic source for several countries.
Nematophagous fungi (NF) are a group of diverse fungal genera that benefit plants. The aim of this review is to increase comprehension about the importance of nematophagous fungi and their role in phosphorus solubilization to favor its uptake in agricultural ecosystems. They use different mechanisms, such as acidification in the medium, organic acids production, and the secretion of enzymes and metabolites that promote the bioavailability of phosphorus for plants. This study summarizes the processes of solubilization, in addition to the mechanisms of action and use of NF on crops, evidencing the need to include innovative alternatives for the implementation of microbial resources in management plans. In addition, it provides information to help understand the effect of NF to make phosphorus available for plants, showing how these biological means promote phosphorus uptake, thus improving productivity and yield.
BGil et al.: Aclimatación de plántulas in vitro de Saintpaulia ionantha (Gesneriaceae) "violeta africana'' a condiciones de invernadero 344 24 (1): Enero -Junio, 2017 ResumenLas "violetas africanas" Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl. (Gesneriaceae) son plantas ornamentales muy valoradas en el mundo por su belleza y capacidad de dar flores durante todo el año. Esto ha conllevado a que su demanda sea mayor, pues es idónea para decorar espacios interiores del hogar. Por ello, su cultivo con fines comerciales ha aumentado, siendo la propagación in vitro y su posterior aclimatación una buena alternativa de emprendimiento en floricultura. Sin embargo, ante escasa información referida a la aclimatación ex vitro de S. ionantha, se propuso como objetivo estandarizar un protocolo de aclimatación. Para ello, se seleccionaron plántulas in vitro del Laboratorio de Biotecnología del Instituto de la Papa y Cultivos Andinos, las cuales fueron transportadas al invernadero para su siembra, empleándose diferentes sustratos, constituidos por: T1 = arena + musgo + humus; T2 = arena + musgo; T3= arena + humus y T4 = arena. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, siendo el tratamiento T1 el que evidenció un buen porcentaje de plantas aclimatadas, el mayor porcentaje de plantas enraizadas, el mayor número promedio de hojas, el mayor número promedio de raíces normales, y la mayor longitud y ancho promedio de hoja. Se concluye que el sustrato constituido por arena + musgo + humus es el más óptimo para la aclimatación ex vitro de S. ionantha.Palabras clave: aclimatación, plántulas, in vitro, Saintpaulia, "violeta africana". Abstract"African violets" Saintpaulia ionantha H.Wendl. (Gesneriaceae) are ornamental plants very valued in the world for their beauty and ability to give flowers throughout the year. This has brought an increase in their demand, as they are suitable for decorating interior spaces at home. That is the reason because their cultivation for commercial purposes has increased, and the propagation in vitro and its subsequent acclimation is a good alternative of entrepreneurship in floriculture. However, the scarce information of ex vitro acclimation of S. ionantha leads us to propose a standard acclimation protocol. For this purpose, we selected in vitro seedlings from the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Potato and Andean Crops Institute. They were transported to greenhouse for planting using different substrates consisting of: T1 = sand + moss + humus; T2 = sand + moss; T3 = sand + humus and T4 = sand. Statistically significant differences were found, with treatment T1 showing a good percentage of acclimated plants, the biggest percentage of rooted plants, the biggest average number of leaves, the biggest average number of normal roots and the biggest average leaf length and width. It was concluded that the substrate constituted by sand + moss + humus is the most optimal for ex vitro acclimation of S. ionantha.
En el Perú hay dos especies endémicas de algodón, G. barbadense L. y G. raimondii Ulbrich, que han sido utilizadas desde las culturas preincas. Actualmente, en el Perú se busca reevaluarlas y rescatarlas en vista de una mayor demanda del mercado, que busca evitar el uso de colorantes artificiales. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento de la caracterización del fruto, semilla y fibra de un ecotipo de G. raimondii, conocido como “algodón silvestre”. Se utilizó material vegetal del Distrito de San Benito, Provincia de Contumazá, Departamento de Cajamarca. La fase experimental se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, que consistió en las mediciones de la longitud y del ancho de frutos, semillas y fibras, así como el número de lóculos y semillas. Se consideró un análisis estadístico del tipo descriptivo con 60 repeticiones por cada componente. El fruto tuvo una longitud promedio de 2,14 cm y 1,46 cm de ancho, con cuatro lóculos. Las semillas tuvieron una longitud promedio de 5,74 mm y un ancho de 3,25 mm, con un promedio de 23,6 semillas por fruto. En promedio, la fibra tuvo 11,95 mm de largo y 7,34 um de ancho. La caracterización del fruto, semilla y fibra del “algodón silvestre” G. raimondii permite diferenciarlo del “algodón pardo” (G. barbadense) y del ecotipo “algodón verde” (G. raimondii). Se recomienda continuar con estudios moleculares que permitan dilucidar el grado de emparentamiento de estas especies y ecotipos.
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