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Over 40 clinical case reports of treatment with voriconazole suggest that it may be used safely and effectively against a broad range of fungal pathogens.

To investigate the penetration of voriconazole, a new-generation triazole antifungal agent, into the vitreous and aqueous humor after oral administration. Methods: A prospective, nonrandomized clinical study included 14 patients scheduled for elective pars plana vitrectomy surgery between December 1, 2002, and February 28, 2003, at the Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Tex. Aqueous, vitreous, and plasma samples were obtained and analyzed from 14 patients after oral administration of two 400-mg doses of voriconazole taken 12 hours apart before surgery. Assays were performed by means of highperformance liquid chromatography. Results: Mean ± SD voriconazole concentrations in plasma (n=14), vitreous (n = 14), and aqueous (n=11) were 2.13±0.93 µg/mL, 0.81±0.31 µg/mL, and 1.13±0.57 µg/mL, respectively. Mean±SD sampling times after oral administration of the second voriconazole dose for plasma, vitreous, and aqueous were 2.4±0.6 hours, 3.0±0.5 hours, and 2.9 ± 0.5 hours, respectively. The percentages of

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To determine the effect of aging on choroidal blood flow (ChBFlow) in the foveolar region of the normal ocular fundus. Method: Choroidal blood flow was determined using laser Doppler flowmetry. Twenty-nine eyes of 29 normal subjects whose ages ranged from 15 to 76 years (mean±SD, 42±18 years) were included in this study. Relative choroidal blood velocity (ChBVel), choroidal blood volume (ChBVol), and ChBFlow were determined in the foveolar region by asking the subjects to fixate on the probing laser beam. Results: Significant negative correlations were observed between ChBVol and the subject's age (R=−0.52, P=.004) and between ChBFlow and the subject's age (R=−0.54, P=.003). No significant correlation was detected between ChBVel and the subject's age (R=0.07, P=.70). Significant differences were observed in ChBVol and ChBFlow between the younger subjects aged 15 to 45 years (mean±SD, 0.48±0.20 arbitrary units [AU] and 18.9±5.8 AU, respectively) and the older ones aged 46 to 76 years (mean±SD, 0.34±0.11 AU and 13.3±3.3 AU, respectively; unpaired Student t test, P=.04 and P=.007, respectively). Conclusion: In the subjects studied, foveolar ChBFlow decreases with age. This change is probably related to the decrease in density and diameter of the choriocapillaries that occurs with increasing age.

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Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss in the developed world, with the expected number of affected elderly individuals reaching 17.8 million. Antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection therapy has been instrumental in treating a disease process that was previously thought to be untreatable. Over the past two decades, landmark studies have demonstrated the efficacy of different anti-VEGF medications and investigated the optimal dosing regimen and delivery mechanism to increase overall vision and minimise patient burden. In this review, we outline landmark neovascular age-related macular degeneration clinical trials that have demonstrated level 1 evidence for its usage or have contributed to the understanding of how to dose these agents.

Type 2 diabetes patients with macular oedema experience a decreased VR-QOL compared with type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma or cataracts. However, VR-QOL in type 2 diabetic patients with macular oedema was similar to those individuals with ARMD.