INTRODUCTION:Early diagnosis of dengue is important for appropriate clinical management and vector control. Different serological tests based on the principle of immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are commonly used for detection of antigen and antibodies of dengue virus. The performance of these tests depends on the sensitivity and specificity. Hence, the study was undertaken to compare nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) antigen detection by rapid and ELISA with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for diagnosis of dengue.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Prospective laboratory study was carried out on sera samples (n = 200) from clinically suspected cases of dengue. The sera samples were subjected for NS1 antigen detection test by rapid test, NS1 ELISA, and RT-PCR. The results of rapid and ELISA tests were compared with real Time PCR.RESULTS:The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value of rapid dengue NS1 antigen test were 81.5%, 66.7%, 78.2%, and 71.1%, respectively whereas that of NS1 ELISA were 89.9%, 100%, 100%, and 94%, respectively. Concordance of Rapid NS1 and NS1 ELISA with PCR was 75.5% and 94%.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:NS1 antigen ELISA can be implemented in diagnostic laboratories for diagnosis of dengue in the acute phase of illness. The test also has great potential value for use in epidemic situations, as it could facilitate the early screening of patients and limit disease expansion.
Background: Acinetobacter species have emerged as important cause of nosocomial infections like pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Acinetobacter species are known to be highly resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents. SinceAcinetobacter species are ubiquitous and have tremendous colonizing capacity, it is difficult to explain the role of Acinetobacter acquisition in the ICU and medical wards. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by different Acinetobacter species in hospitalized patients and in the community and to analyze their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysisfrom January 2016 to December 2017. Urine samples collected in appropriate sterile manner were screened for polymorphonuclear leucocytes and bacteria by routine microscopic examination. This was followed by plating on MacConkey's agar and Blood agar. Isolated Acinetobacter strains which are oxidase negative and non-lactose fermenters from MacConkey's agar were identified with Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to confirm the TM identification. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by VitekCompact™ 2 (Biomeuriux, France) as per CLSI standards establishing MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). Results: Of the 429 isolates of Acinetobacterspecies from urinary tract, Acinetobacterbaumannii complex (78%) found to be the most common species followed by Acinetobacterjunii(10%) and Acinetobacterbaumannii(8%). Of the 334 (78%) isolates of Acinetobacterbaumannii complex from urinary tract, 73 (21.85%) isolates were resistant with doripenem, 62 (18.56%) with imipenem and 59 (17.66%) were resistant with meropenem with MIC values >=8 μg/ml. The rest of the isolates like Acinetobacterjunii, Acinetobacterjohnsonii, andAcinetobacterlwoffiiare found to be more sensitive with carbapenems with lower MIC values. Discussion: The treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospitalized patients continues to be a challenge for the clinician's in routine practice. Acinetobacter baumannii complex has proven to be an important pathogen in health care associated infections with significant mortality and morbidity. The drug resistant nature of the pathogen and its unpredictable susceptibility patterns make empirical and therapeutic decisions even more difficult. Conclusion: A. baumanniiis an important opportunistic agent of nosocomial UTI, especially in patients with longer hospitalization, antibiotic exposure, urinary catheterization and decreased immunity. High antimicrobial resistance and patient co-morbidities limit therapeutic choices. Hence, alternative therapeutic options are urgently needed to treat a patient with A. baumanniiinfection.
Teaching by teachers and learning skills or acquiring knowledge by students bind together to apply learning what we call is evaluation of students which has been conducting through exams. Examinations play an important role in student's assessment. Exams assess the performance of student which requires question papers to be generated manually which consumes a lot of time. It is a challenging and tedious task for teachers to manually prepare question papers. In the proposed system we have generated question papers automatically with ease. Teachers can store questions of their subjects respectively. Admin can stock questions for generating question paper of respective subjects. The system stores a set of different questions with keyword which will help in setting question paper. The proposed system fetches questions based on keyword stored in database. The system also checks for diagrams if present in question and then accordingly fetches particular diagram from database. We have implemented keyword based shuffling algorithm through randomization technique to automatically generate question paper. This system rejuvenates generation of automatic question paper for Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University (BAMU) in a short span of duration. This system helps to generate class test paper as well. The proposed system allows maintaining coverage of whole syllabus. This system upgrades quality of question paper to set a standard of examination.
This study evaluated the biochemical and phytochemical changes in pomegranate varieties (Ganesh, Bhagawa and Mridula) during ripening. Total chlorophylls and carotenoid content were maximum in mature fruits of variety Bhagawa while polyphenol content was more in ripened fruit of Mridula. An accumulation of ascorbic acid is higher in ripened fruit of variety Mridula. The soluble protein content was more in both mature and immature fruit of variety Bhagawa. The free amino acid content was increased in ripened fruits of variety Mridula. Nitrogen % is more in mature and ripened fruits of variety Bhagawa. Phosphorus content was more in immature fruits of variety Ganesh and mature fruits of variety Bhagawa. In Ganesh variety, Potassium and Magnesium content was more during ripening. In all the three varieties, Calcium content was increased during ripening. Iron content was more in immature and mature fruits of variety Mridula and Ganesh, respectively. Copper content was more in ripened fruits of variety Mridula. Carbohydrate % was increased during ripening in all the three varieties. Crude fiber content was more in mature fruits of variety Ganesh.
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