Code of Corporate governance around the globe encourage the appearance of women in corporate board. The objective of this research is to observe the association between board gender diversity and its effects on bank performance which is based on evidence of Pakistan. The sample of this research comprises of 10 listed banks of Pakistan. Secondary data has been collected of 12 years from 2005 to 2016. Bank financial performance is measured through ROA and ROE. Analysis is done through descriptive statistics and linear regression are applied on the data through different tests such as Heteroscedasticity, Stationary of the data, Multicollinearity is tested through Dickey fuller and Augmented Dickey fuller approaches. The study summarizes that there is an insignificant association between board gender diversity and banks performance in Pakistan, it concludes that this study does not support the developed hypothesis that woman on board has insignificant effect on bank financial performance.The finding of this study recommends to use a large sample of banks with difference methodologies such as surveys, case studies and qualitative research to find out the causes of the question that why the women on board decreasing the financial performance.
The capacity of the organization to produce high-quality products at the lowest cost with the fast pace of delivery of goods and services has the potential to determine the survival, sustainability, and growth of organizations in emerging globalization and competition. The researcher has critically examined the impact of people's development, employee welfare, leadership effectiveness, and Human Resources operations effectiveness in the context of local, Multinational Companies, and public sector organizations operating in Pakistan. This research has also considered previous studies. The study results show that the sustainability and growth of organizations depend on how engaged and motivated employees the companies have to be to achieve organizational goals. MNCs invest in best talent acquisition and development, take care of employee welfare, and consistently improve the system thus sustain and grow. It was discovered that the local companies still could not shift from ownership to corporate culture and leading by "Seth" (entrepreneur mindset) lacking professional approaches. The local organizations are penny-wise, by compromising on capacity building of people, employee welfare, leadership development, and implying an efficient system. Unlike MNCs, 'Seth' companies operate with low capacity employees, disengaged workforce, ineffective leadership, and obsolete systems and suffer huge hidden productivity and efficiency losses that are never surfaced and monitored. The data of this research was generated based on information provided by HR heads of 15 MNCs, local and public sector companies. HR experts were interviewed in focused groups and through questionnaires.
The population of Pakistan is fast growing and the need for supply of medicine will continue to increase. The local pharmaceutical market is growing at a faster pace as compared with the international market. Until 1990, the reliance on the supply of medicine to cater to the national demand was on multinational companies holding major market share. Thereafter, the national pharmaceutical companies started investing to improve the quality of their product lines, employing qualif ied professionals, and ensuring compliance with the global standard of quality and good manufacturing practices. Consequently, national com- panies' market share drastically increased and the national demand for medicine is locally produced. The study results based on interviews of key stakeholders and available literature revealed that the local pharmaceutical sector is facing critical challenges of counterfeit medicine, pricing controversies, affordability of the medicine, lack of Research and Development (R&D) initiatives, and unethical marketing (bribing/cash incentives to the doctors). The Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) seems ineffective to overcome these challenges, eliminate counterfeit medicines, and take measures to curb the unethical marketing practices that are risking patient life, health, and treatment cost. The study further explored that unethical marketing practices, and prescribing expensive brands by doctors, creates a serious conflict of interests and fast a decline in patient trust and affordability of medicine cost. Thus strong regulatory controls,transparency, moral and ethical values are needed to enforce drug acts and make the stakeholder's groups accountable. There is a need to punish both the companies bribing the doctors on the pretext of product promotion and doctors accepting such benef its to protect the patient's interest and limit treatment cost. Strict regulations and incentive plans for the pharmaceutical sector are needed to promote Research and Development (R&D).
<p><b>1. </b><b>Methodology</b></p> <p><b>2.1 </b><b>Study population and sample</b></p> <p>The target population selected for the feedback consisted of people living in Karachi, the biggest city of Pakistan, an industrial hub, and a port city comprising over 15 million population. The demographics included age, gender, profession, students, working, non-working, retired, etc. The city was under complete lockdown since the 1<sup>st</sup> week of April. The study conducted in the third week from April 16-23, 2020 for assessment of the mental health of the population in the context of lockdown and confinement due to COVID-19 in Pakistan. Because of the large population, the stigma attached to mental health, and ethical considerations the questionnaire was kept anonymous and the non-probability convenience sampling technique was used.</p> <p><b>2.2 </b><b>Rating instruments</b></p> <p>The Research instruments PHQ-9 was used for the assessment of the mental health of the population (Hartung et al., 2017; Hinz et al., 2006) under three week's lockdown during COVID-19. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a nine-item depression severity measuring instrument with a total score of 20. Depression Severity Scores represent: 0-5 = Mild, 6-10 = Moderate 11-15 = Moderately Severe 16-20 = Severe Depression (Kroenke et al., 2010). <b> </b></p> <p><b>2.3 </b><b>Data analysis </b></p> <p>PHQ-9 and GAD-7 forms designed on Google form and survey was conducted online sharing the link via Emails, Whatsapp, Facebook, and LinkedIn using 120 research volunteers. The respondent cooperation and readiness were high as it was anonymous, easy to complete within 3 minutes, and submission over a single click through their cell phone. The survey started on 16<sup>th</sup> April and was completed within seven days by April 21. The 6876 respondents completed the questionnaire included in the final analysis. The statistical analytical tool SPSS was implied for descriptive analyses. Initially, descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the demographic characteristics of people of Karachi under lockdown for the last three weeks (April 16 to April 23). Secondly, the prevalence of severity of depression symptoms was measured on a rating scale of minimal, mild, moderate, and severe stratified by gender, age, and occupation.</p> <p><b>2.4 </b><b>Ethical considerations</b></p> <p>The ethical committee of qualified psychiatrists and psychologists of BasicNeeds Pakistan endorsed the study. The respondents were not required to provide any personal information and identity to keep the survey anonymous; consequently, they participated in the study.</p> <p><b>2.5 </b><b>Demographic information</b></p> <p>The demographic elements consisted of age (18-65 in five categories), gender (Male & Female), professionals, students, and entrepreneurs (self-employed and owners of the SMEs). The study was confined to the urban population who faced strict lockdown restrictions and complete closure.</p>
This research observes the effect of corporate governance and financial leverage on the efficiency of listed companies in Pakistan. The variables return on assets and return on equity are chosen as the firm’s efficiency of the textile sector for this research. Measures of corporate governance used are board size, director’s remuneration, and Audit committee members, whereas financial leverage is used as a control variable. The data of corporate governance, financial leverage, and efficiency variable are composed of annual reports of the top ten listed textile companies from Karachi stock exchange. The research consists of the period from 2012 to 2017. Panel data is used to examine four hypotheses and to test the significance of corporate governance and financial leverage on a firm's performance the OLS regression models are applied. The finding of this study revealed that board size, audit committee, director's remuneration is positively correlated with a firm's performance ROA and ROE, and conversely, financial leverage is negatively correlated with a firm's performance. Overall regression result of this study discovered that the audit committee members and financial leverage are statistically insignificant, whereas board size and director’s remuneration are statistically positive significant. This concludes that there is no significant association between corporate governance and firm’s performance as well as financial leverage with the firm's performance. The sample size of this study was small and this research is limited to the textile sector of Pakistan. Future researchers may have included more determinants of corporate governance such as women on board, board meeting, family ownership structure, etc.
The utilization of social media has expanded rapidly in the 21st century; the majority of people use social media and social networking sites (SNSs) especially millennial “Generation Y” (born between 1980 to 1994 and now 26 to 40 years old). The purpose of the study is to observe the responsiveness of Millennial (Generation Y) to social media recruitment campaign in Pakistan. The research involves the dependent variable as recruitment and selection of generation Y and four independent variables as perceived costs, perceived risks, perceived opportunities, and perceived benefits. Survey sent to 150 respondents, out of which 106 being received. The data gathered was tested by using the SPSS for descriptive statistics, standard deviations, Correlation, regression analysis was done to check the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The results of the first objective revealed that the utilization of social networking in recruitment is inexpensive for many companies, the outcomes of the second variable indicated that when using social media, the human resource professionals gather consistent information for all candidates making fair and speedy hiring, to analyze the third objective, the outcomes have shown that there are numerous risks associated while using social networking sites and lastly when testing the fourth objective observed that various organizations don't have job portal page for recruitment of Millennial (Generation Y) and majority candidates use LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter for job searching. The study concluded that appropriate utilization of social networking sites in recruitment and selection of Millennial (Generation Y) provides excess to more extensive pool of candidates, is cost effective, faster and practical for organizations. They take benefit by utilizing social networking sites for recruitment campaigns yet the quality and competency of candidates not compromised however the candidate’s information privacy risk need mitigation.
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