Deep learning refers to Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CNN is used for image recognition for this study. The dataset is named Fruits-360 and it is obtained from the Kaggle dataset. Seventy percent of the pictures are selected as training data and the rest of the images are used for testing. In this study, an image size is [Formula: see text]. Training is realized using Stochastic Gradient Descent with Momentum (sgdm), Adaptive Moment Estimation (adam) and Root Mean Square Propogation (rmsprop) techniques. The threshold value is determined as 98% for the training. When the accuracy reaches more than 98%, training is stopped. Calculation of the final validation accuracy is done using trained network. In this study, more than 98% of the predicted labels match the true labels of the validation set. Accuracies are calculated using test data for sgdm, adam and rmsprop techniques. The results are 98.08%, 98.85%, 98.88%, respectively. It is clear that fruits are recognized with good accuracy.
This study presents a nonlinear systems and function learning by using wavelet network. Wavelet networks are as neural network for training and structural approach. But, training algorithms of wavelet networks is required a smaller number of iterations when the compared with neural networks. Gaussianbased mother wavelet function is used as an activation function. Wavelet networks have three main parameters; dilation, translation, and connection parameters (weights). Initial values of these parameters are randomly selected. They are optimized during training (learning) phase. Because of random selection of all initial values, it may not be suitable for process modeling. Because wavelet functions are rapidly vanishing functions. For this reason heuristic procedure has been used. In this study serial-parallel identification model has been applied to system modeling. This structure does not utilize feedback. Real system outputs have been exercised for prediction of the future system outputs. So that stability and approximation of the network is guaranteed. Gradient methods have been applied for parameters updating with momentum term. Quadratic cost function is used for error minimization. Three example problems have been examined in the simulation. They are static nonlinear functions and discrete dynamic nonlinear system.
Abstract. This paper presents nonlinear static and dynamic system modeling using wavenet and neuralnet. Wavenet combines wavelet theory and feedforward neuralnet, so learning approach is similar to neuralnet. The selection of transfer function is crucial for the approximation property and the convergence of the network. The purelin and the tansig functions are used as the transfer functions for neuralnet and the first derivative of a gaussian function is used as the transfer function for wavenet. Wavenet and neuralnet parameters are optimized during learning phase. Selecting all initial values random, but for wavenet, it may be unsuitable for process modeling because wavelets have localization feature. For this reason heuristic procedure has been used for wavenet. In this study gradient methods have been applied for parameters updating with momentum. Error minimization is computed by quadratic cost function for wavenet and neuralnet. Nonlinear static and dynamic functions have been used for the simulations. Recently wavenet has been used as an alternative of the neuralnet because interpretation of the model with neuralnet is so hard. For wavenet learning approach, training algorithms require smaller number of iterations when compared with neuralnet. Consequently, according to the number of training iteration and TMSE, dynamic and static system modeling with wavenet is better as shown in results.
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